Lab Report of the Experiment of Conjugation of E. Coli Essay Example

Lab Report of the Experiment of Conjugation of E. Coli Paper Using alkaline lysine nipper, a DNA lassie was isolated from the donor and transcontinental strains and FIG electrophoresis was used to determine the size of the plasmid. The conjugation efficiency was found to be 16. 25% and the plasmid DNA was approximately 97 kilobytes long. The results show that the F plasmid was effectively transferred from the donor cells into the recipient cells via conjugation. Introduction:Bacterial conjugation is the unidirectional transfer of either genomic DNA or plasmid DNA from a donor bacterial cell to a recipient bacterial cell by cell-to-cell contact via a sex pills (Sonatas Simmons, 2006). Conjugation was first discovered by Elderberry and Datum in 1946. In their experiment, they grew two strains of bacteria in separate vessels with rich medium and then together in one vessel containing the same medium. Then, they spread the three vessel contents onto medium agar plates and incubated them overnight at ETC. The only plate that showed cell growth was the plate containing the mixture of the two bacterial strains. The other two plates showed no growth. This experiment proved that in order for recombination to occur, the two strains must come in contact with one another (Elderberry, Datum, 1946). In 1950, Bernard Davis discovered that cell-to-cell contact was required to obtain a transcontinental. Using a U tube containing a sintered filter between the two sides of the tube, he added two types of bacteria (donor and recipient) to each side of the tube. Because of the filter, Davis never observed conjugation. This further proved that in order for conjugation to occur, the cells must come into physical contact. In order for cells to undergo conjugation, one cell must contain a fertility factor (F). William Hayes discovered this F factor in 1952. The F factor, which is a small auricular molecule of DNA (plasmid), controls the synthesis of F pill that connect donor and recipient cells during conjugation. These F factors are approximately 105 bagpipers in size. In bacterial conjugation, a donor cell containing the F plasmid is referred to as an F+ cell while a recipient cell that lacks the plasmid is an F- cell. When an F+ cell mates with an F- cell (conjugation), the plasmid is transferred. Both the donor and recipient cells become F+ cells and contain the F plasmid. While transferring the F+ plasmid, sometimes the plasmid is integrated into the recipients chromosome. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report of the Experiment of Conjugation of E. Coli specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report of the Experiment of Conjugation of E. Coli specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report of the Experiment of Conjugation of E. Coli specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These cells are referred to as Hoff cells. Sometimes chromosomal DNA is looped out of the F plasmid, and chromosomal genes are transferred into the recipient; the recipient cells are referred to as F strains. When donor F cells mate with recipient F- cells, genomic DNA is transferred from donor to recipient. This transfer is known as seduction and the cell that receives the F plasmid from the donor is referred to as a transcontinental (Sonatas Simmons, 2006). In the experiment performed, conjugation was studied in E. Coli bacterial cells. The donor bacterial cells contained the F plasmid that had the lack+ gene integrated into it, making the cells Flag+stars. The recipient bacterial cells were F- lack-stir. The donor and recipient cells were mixed and plated onto streptomycin indicator plates. Using AGE electrophoresis, plasmid DNA was isolated and its size was determined. The plasmid was present in the donor and transcontinental cells; however, in the recipient cells the plasmid was absent. Materials and Methods:One ml of each of donor (Flag+stars) and recipient (F- lack-stir) the E. Oil bacterial strains, from the American Type Culture Collection in Rockville, Md. , was pipettes with a pitman into a sterile culture tube and incubated, without shaking, at 370 C for 90 minutes. Before plating the strains on agar plates, dilutions of the three strains of cells were prepared with LB broth. 100 Pl of 10-5 and 10-6 dilutions of donor cells were each plated onto McCracken (MAC) agar plates without streptomycin. 100 Pl of 1 0-5 dilution of donor cells and 10-5 and 10-6 recipient were also plated onto MAC plates with streptomycin. 00 Pl of 10-4 and 10-5 dilutions of the conjugation mixture cells were plated onto MAC agar with streptomycin. All seven plates were inverted and placed in a ETC incubator for about 24 hours. The bacterial colonies on each plate were counted the next day (colony counts seen in Table l). Donor colonies were picked with a sterile loop and placed into a sterile test tube containing LB broth. Recipient and transcontinental colonies were also isolated and placed into sterile test tubes containing LB broth and streptomycin. The tubes were then placed in a 37 C shaking incubator at 250 RPM overnight. After the incubation, 1. 5 ml of each of the three cultures were added to offender tubes and centrifuged at 13,200 RPM for 1 minute. An alkaline lysine procedure like that of Bromine and Doll was then performed to extract the lassie DNA with 200 Pl of alkaline SD detergent solution (Bromine Daly, 1979). After the alkaline lysine procedure was complete, the pellets were washed with a 100% ethanol and stored in a -ICC freezer. A 1% agrees gel in 0. 5 X TUBE buffer was prepared for gel electrophoresis in a gel tray. The gel tray was placed into the BIO-RADAR FIG Mapped apparatus. Loading dye was added and each sample (apron. 25 VI) was then loaded into a well. DNA markers were loaded into the first and last wells. The gel was run under program 4 for 16 hours, 180 volts forward and 120 volts reverse. When the program was knishes, the gel was placed into an tedium bromide solution to stain. After staining, the gel was gently rocked in distilled water. Using a Kodak IDEAS 290 imaging system, a picture of the gel was taken (which can be seen in Figure 1. 0). Results:During the experiment, donor (F+lack+stars) and recipient (F-lack-stir) cells were mixed and plated onto streptomycin indicator plates. Plasmid DNA was extracted from the donor and transcontinental cells and FIG electrophoresis was used to determine the plasmids size. After plating and incubating the bacterial dilutions, the cell colonies were counted. It was observed that all of the donor ells were red, all of the recipient cells were white, and the conjugation culture cells were a mix of red and white. There were too many (>300) red colonies to count on the donor 10-5 MAC agar plate and 60 red colonies on the donor 10-6 MAC agar plate. No colonies were seen on the donor 10-5 MAC agar + strep plate. There were 126 white colonies on the recipient 10-5 MAC + strep plate and 32 white colonies seen on the recipient 10-6 MAC + strep agar plate. The transcontinental 10-4 MAC + strep agar plate had 206 red and too many white colonies to count, while the transcontinental 10-5 MAC + strep agar plate had 26 De colonies and 86 white colonies (seen in Table l). Using the cell counts and their dilutions, the culture concentration was calculated. The concentration of donor cells in the 10-6 dilution was xx cells/ ml_. The concentration of recipient cells in the 10-6 dilution was 3. Axis cells/ml. The concentration of transcontinental cells in the 10-5 dilution was 2. Xx cells/ ml (Table II). The conjugation efficiency was calculated to be 16. 25% (Table Ill). Upon completion of a FIG electrophoresis, marker standards were used to determine the plasmid size and the distance traveled. The size and mobility f the bands in Marker II (Figure 1. 0) were measured and a standard curve was generated ( Figure 2. 0). This curve was then used to determine the plasmid size present in the donor and transcontinental cells. The plasmid was not present in the recipient cells. ) The plasmid traveled 14. 5 mm and was approximately 101 kilobytes long. Discussion:After plating the donor cells onto MAC plates that did not contain the streptomycin antibiotic, red colonies grew. This result is plausible because the donor cells contained the lack Oberon, which codes for enzymes that can utilize lactose as food. Cells containing this Oberon can grow on MAC plates because the plates contain lactose sugar. These two plates were then compared to the donor plate that contained the streptomycin antibiotic. No colonies grew on the streptomycin plate. This is because the donor cells did not contain the gene for streptomycin resistance. After plating the recipient cells onto MAC+strep plates, white colonies grew. This result is seen because the recipient cells lack the lack Oberon. These cells cannot utilize lactose as a food source. Also, the recipient cells were able to grow in the presence of streptomycin because they contained gene for resistance to the antibiotic. On the plates containing MAC+strep and 10-5 transcontinental cells, there were 26 red cells present. Ideally, because the cells were too dilute for conjugation to be seen, there should have been no red cells present. On the plates containing MAC+strep and 10-4 transcontinental cells, both red and white colonies were observed. The white colonies were recipient cells and the red were transcontinental. It can be determined that the red cells were the transcontinental because previously, red cells (which indicate donor cells) were not able to grow on plates containing streptomycin. Because they ere present on streptomycin plate, the cells must have undergone conjugation. After isolating the plasmids and running them on a FIG electrophoresis, it was observed that the plasmid was only present in the donor and transcontinental cells. This occurred because only the donor cells contained the plasmid. Because donor cells were not present in the recipient cells, no conjugation could occur; therefore, no plasmid would be seen in the recipient lane on the gel. The size of the F plasmid was determined by measuring the distance the plasmid traveled in the gel, and comparing it to a known marker (Marker II). The size of the F plasmid as determined to be approximately 97 kilobytes long. This was compared to the literature value, of approximately 100 kilobytes (Sealing, Paulson, and Cooper, 1991 Because the plasmid size is very close to the literature value, it can be concluded that the DNA plasmid was successfully isolated from the donor to the transcontinental cells. Genomic DNA was not transferred and no Hoff strains were formed. The conjugation efficiency was calculated and found to be 16. 25% on the transcontinental plates, meaning for every 100 cells on the plate, 16. 5 were transcontinental. A 16. 25% conjugation efficiency is a reasonable value. The value seen could be due to the fact that even though a donor cell contains the F plasmid, the plasmid is not always transferred into every single recipient cell. If this were the case, a conjugation efficiency of 100% would be seen every time. Comparing this value to an efficiency value seen in the literature of 94%, the value is a bit low (Kiang et al. , 2000). To increase the conjugation efficiency, the mixed donor and recipient cells could be left to sit for a longer period of time.

Free Essays on Ficciones

Uqbar, Tlon, Orbis Tertius Deception is the central idea of this piece. Had the doubtful quote of â€Å"mirrors and copulation are abominable for they multiply the number of mankind† been said by Bioy Casares, the quest to seek the truth of Uqbar would have never existed. This and many other mirror imagery throughout the piece contributes to the deception of reality topic symbolically. â€Å"Mirror troubled the far end of a hallway† because it creates an illusion that the hallway is twice as long as it should be. Deception causes the obscurity of truth- thus the truth that we seek might not be trust worthy. Therefore in attempt to do away with the deception caused by science, the Tlonians â€Å"presuppose idealism† by seeking â€Å"not truth, or even plausibility† only an enlightenment toward an ideally monistic universe. Yet to an even greater degree, the speaker realizes as he describes in the Postscript the creation of Tlon was a deception in itself. The nihilistic Ezra Buckley a ttempts to â€Å"deceive† God by theoretically playing God in the creation of Tlon- Buckley envisions that â€Å"mortals could conceive and shape a world†. Ultimately, the world of Tlon replaces the world as we know it because â€Å"reality ‘caved in’† in the face of the nonexistent deception of truth known as Tlon. Approach to Al-Mu’tasim Borges continues to explore the idea of monism in this piece, but more specifically toward the monism of religion and spirituality. The piece is a â€Å"commentary† of a nonexistent mystery story which explores the religious strife of India- to an extent spiritual and religious strife of the world. The protagonist began his quest after â€Å"he reflects that he has shown himself capable of killing an idolater, yet incapable of knowing†¦whether the Muslim possesses more of truth than the [Hindu] does.† The novel ends with encounter of the protagonist and his quest: Al-Mu’tasim. The ultimate result is the realizat... Free Essays on Ficciones Free Essays on Ficciones Uqbar, Tlon, Orbis Tertius Deception is the central idea of this piece. Had the doubtful quote of â€Å"mirrors and copulation are abominable for they multiply the number of mankind† been said by Bioy Casares, the quest to seek the truth of Uqbar would have never existed. This and many other mirror imagery throughout the piece contributes to the deception of reality topic symbolically. â€Å"Mirror troubled the far end of a hallway† because it creates an illusion that the hallway is twice as long as it should be. Deception causes the obscurity of truth- thus the truth that we seek might not be trust worthy. Therefore in attempt to do away with the deception caused by science, the Tlonians â€Å"presuppose idealism† by seeking â€Å"not truth, or even plausibility† only an enlightenment toward an ideally monistic universe. Yet to an even greater degree, the speaker realizes as he describes in the Postscript the creation of Tlon was a deception in itself. The nihilistic Ezra Buckley a ttempts to â€Å"deceive† God by theoretically playing God in the creation of Tlon- Buckley envisions that â€Å"mortals could conceive and shape a world†. Ultimately, the world of Tlon replaces the world as we know it because â€Å"reality ‘caved in’† in the face of the nonexistent deception of truth known as Tlon. Approach to Al-Mu’tasim Borges continues to explore the idea of monism in this piece, but more specifically toward the monism of religion and spirituality. The piece is a â€Å"commentary† of a nonexistent mystery story which explores the religious strife of India- to an extent spiritual and religious strife of the world. The protagonist began his quest after â€Å"he reflects that he has shown himself capable of killing an idolater, yet incapable of knowing†¦whether the Muslim possesses more of truth than the [Hindu] does.† The novel ends with encounter of the protagonist and his quest: Al-Mu’tasim. The ultimate result is the realizat...

Disaster Recovery Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Disaster Recovery Planning - Essay Example This article looks at the various essential elements of disaster recovery planning how NIST guidelines can be applied to implement a disaster recovery plan. Physical risks for business include and are not restricted to natural calamities like Earth Quakes, Storms, and Floods etc. Fire accidents, power failures, Use of Unsafe machinery and Equipment all come under Physical Risks. Malfunctioning of Individual units in a system, Network Cables, Cable tapping are some of the physical factors that pose risk to a Business (Cooper, 1995). Physical risks to a business also include risks to the physically existing things like buildings, the computers, related media and equipment. Few of the physical risks are mentioned below. Natural Calamities: Natural Calamities like Earth Quakes, Storms and Floods disrupt any business and their corresponding data that is stored. A single quake can destroy entire business information in no time and nullify its existence. Continuous monitoring of this information and assessing the risks that these factors cause, becomes an important issue. All business data and resources (movable and immovable) are at stake if risk due to these factors is not analyzed. Malfunctioning of Cables and Other C... All business data and resources (movable and immovable) are at stake if risk due to these factors is not analyzed. Malfunctioning of Cables and Other Components: Another major risk faced by the business is due to the improper functioning of components present in a system or the Network cables that make up the backbone of any network. Hardware faults are inevitable, so nullifying them will not be possible. Their affect could be equally frustrating and annoying. Even these cause many problems to the organizations that include data loss, increased response time, network congestions, and un-timely break up of systems and temporary stagnation of work (Cooper, 1995). Managing these risks is not only necessary but also very important for the growth of an organization. Trashing: Trashing, also known as dumpster diving is a possible physical risk commonly found in the corporate sector. In this method, sensitive data is searched for in the trash and most of the times, the crackers become successful. History has proved that many industrial spies achieved remarkable success with this approach. It is common for crackers to find useful information in used tape drives, disks and discarded print outs. Crackers often find computer manuals, passwords and other information in them. All sensitive data that should not be saved will be saved and can be easily recoverable from trash. This becomes the initial point for the risks. A cracker sees a highway ahead to breach the system with this approach (Cooper, 1995). Eaves Dropping: Business data may be prone to interception with this approach, commonly known as Eaves dropping. It is a known fact that upon pressing a key on the keyboard, Electro Magnetic waves will be generated

Ethics in organizoations 2 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethics in organizoations 2 - Article Example In addition, an appropriate action plan will be designed for eliminating all the issues concerning the organization. Review of the Issues Based on the facts provided, it has been observed that the company was facing certain gaps that resulted in varied amount of discrepancies in the organization. Based on the interactions with the employees, it has been studied the employees were biased and even discriminated on many different occasions. The employees belonging from multi cultural background had to face the maximum level of discrimination. Also, people belonging from the minority groups were facing the problem of biasness and discrimination within the workplace. Beyond these instances, the workplace culture was also getting deteriorated because of numerous amounts of cases of harassment that were coming out. Employees were getting harassed at almost every level by their peers and the senior management. Based on the prevailing workplace scenario, it was observed that the overall workp lace culture was in a degradation mode. Top Three Messages to the Senior Management Team Based on the graveness of the identified issues, it has been comprehended that these issues lays an immense impact over the internal business scenario to a greater extent. From the above scenario, it is felt that the organization was facing problems pertaining to cultural diversity to a large extent. Organizational harassment contributes towards harmful effects such as grievances of the employees increases, grudges emerge against peers and groups arises within the team members, which ultimately affects the overall development of the organization (Royal College of Nursing, n.d.). Correspondingly, individual biasness within an organization greatly influences the performance standard of the business and its employees. Furthermore, biasness within the organization also create hurdle in the effective decision making process (Kauffman & Diamond, 1989). Perception associated with discrimination within the organization leads to work conflict and accelerated retention rate, which drastically affects the overall development of the business scenario (Ensher, Grant-Vallone & Donaldson, 2001). On the part of the organization it is likely to remember that with an employee of number 300, it might become difficult for the organization to maintain sustainability. Action Plan for Curbing the Issues Based on the analysis of the prevailing issues in the organization, it is clear that the organization facing serious issues in the workplace. Some of the recommendable action plan strategies that can be implemented are as follows: Implementation of a proper training program for spreading the importance of awareness for the workplace diversity Engaging the employees in the training program to provide them with ample knowledge, which will accelerate their performance level Addressing all the issues faced by the organization on immediate grounds and mitigating the grievances of the employees effecti vely Preparation of feedback reports from the employees regarding any underlying issues prevailing within the organization and the implication of the measures provided to them by the management Analyzing the responses of the employees pertaining to measures undertaken by the senior level management Creation of rules and regulations pertaining to avoidance of illicit practices in the organization (Maltbia & Power, 2008) Reinforcement of additional rules and regulat

Gay Community Essay Example for Free

Gay Community Essay The gay community or LGBT community is a loosely defined grouping of LGBT and LGBT supportive people, organizations and subcultures united by common culture and civil rights movements. Furthermore, the remarkable growth of the gay community in recent history has revolutionized our culture and consciousness, creating radically new possibilities for people to â€Å"come out†, and live more openly as homosexuals. Before the early years, homosexuality was a taboo subject. Since then, times have changed and this community is somewhat being accepted. Moreover, this diverse community is constantly expanding, and consists of many types of people. The gay community has gained great attention in arts, entertainment, media, and politics. Most of the people that make up this community each have their own unique style in all different aspects. Consisting of races throughout all aspects of life, the gay community is worldwide. That being said, what makes up the gay community? Within the LGBT communities, there exist identifiable sub-communities, such as the leather community, bear community, chubby community, lesbian community, bisexual community, transgender community, and the drag community. Nevertheless, each one of the sub-communities have there own particular ways and views of there sexuality. In other words, they all stick together. The gay community generally celebrates pride, diversity, individuality, and sexuality. The term gay pride is used to express the LGBT community’s identity and collective strengths; gay pride parades provide both a prime example of the use and a demonstration of the general meaning of the term. Also, within the gay community some people create there own particular family. These families consist of the mom, dad, children, and so on. They create a bond and they indeed stick together. Other interests within the gay communities include gay nightclubs, pageants, balls, and also lip singing shows. The gay community is frequently associated with certain symbols; especially rainbow or the rainbow flag. The Greek lambda symbols (â€Å"L† for liberation), triangles, ribbons, and gender symbols are also used as gay acceptance symbol. There a many types of flags to represent subdivisions in the gay community but the most commonly recognized one is the rainbow flag. Nevertheless, each color represents a value in the community. Pink represents sexuality, red represents life, orange represents healing, yellow represent the sun, green represents nature, blue represents art, indigo represents harmony, and last but not least, violent represents spirit. As far as language, the gay community have there own slang, just as other slangs like African Americans, Jewish slang, Hispanic slang, or any other slang. Usually one must be in the group to know its slang, but there are many words in gay slang that are known to all of us, such as drag queen, butch, or bull dyke. Other newer gay slan g words used today are fag-hag, which is a straight female who prefers the company of a gay male and dish which means gossip. Communication between gays, what they say opposed to how they say it, is quite unique. For instance, many gay males use alternate â€Å"lady-names†, and masculine female use alternate â€Å"male-names†, both used as a form of address within gay circles. The gay community is continuously growing and has been acknowledged in so many ways. Homosexuality is seemingly more accepted and tolerated in the United States today than decades ago. There are laws in many states that make it a crime to discriminate based on sexual orientation and many communities across the country have gays and lesbians openly serving in important roles. Yet there are many who still oppose homosexuality and many object to it on religious grounds. I do pride this community because I am apart of it. But like the old saying says â€Å"To each is his own†. Everyone has there own opinion.

The Destruction of an African Culture :: essays research papers

Taking a glimpse into the lives of natives from the Ibo society in Africa, including villages such as Umuofia, the high regard which is held for traditions is quite evident. It was a way of life. Religion was something that was taken very seriously, regarded as sacred; it helped define many of their customs. These customs were undoubtedly understood throughout the village, and followed without question. With this kind of structured society the specific outcome for any turn of events was made clear, the future was made certain – until a new religion was unexpectedly introduced by the Europeans. The white man’s beliefs flooded the land and changed the course of the forthcoming within their society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The invasion of this new way of life brought about changes, both positive and negative, to the Ibo culture. After the Europeans learned more about the culture of how the Africans worked, they built up a school and hospital in hopes to educate the people and create potential leaders. Here, both young and old were taught to read and write, and the results were quickly evident. Court messengers, clerks and even teachers arose from the educated. The schools expanded in other regions also bringing with them the church and religion. Since faith was the foundation of their education, those who attended the school were taught the way of the white man, including their beliefs, which helped to spread this new form of religion - Christianity. A certain stability was also derived from this new education. â€Å"If Umuofia failed to send her children to the school, strangers would come from other places to rule them.† (Achebe, p181) Knowledge gained would help the people protect themselves against any outsiders. It would give them a better understanding on how to defend themselves both physically and as a people. Since they were a culture based almost solely on what was known to them from past experiences, and being unsure of the outside, they would have had no defense against any intruders coming into their land. Examples of this are highly evident in the case of the white man coming in.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The introduction of such a religion also brought about many â€Å"personal† changes, good and bad, to the people of this area. Equality was something unperceived by the Africans. They had a certain standard for living. Some people were considered outcasts by society and forbidden fellowship with the free man; twins were given up to the Evil Forest for death and thought of as evil. The Destruction of an African Culture :: essays research papers Taking a glimpse into the lives of natives from the Ibo society in Africa, including villages such as Umuofia, the high regard which is held for traditions is quite evident. It was a way of life. Religion was something that was taken very seriously, regarded as sacred; it helped define many of their customs. These customs were undoubtedly understood throughout the village, and followed without question. With this kind of structured society the specific outcome for any turn of events was made clear, the future was made certain – until a new religion was unexpectedly introduced by the Europeans. The white man’s beliefs flooded the land and changed the course of the forthcoming within their society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The invasion of this new way of life brought about changes, both positive and negative, to the Ibo culture. After the Europeans learned more about the culture of how the Africans worked, they built up a school and hospital in hopes to educate the people and create potential leaders. Here, both young and old were taught to read and write, and the results were quickly evident. Court messengers, clerks and even teachers arose from the educated. The schools expanded in other regions also bringing with them the church and religion. Since faith was the foundation of their education, those who attended the school were taught the way of the white man, including their beliefs, which helped to spread this new form of religion - Christianity. A certain stability was also derived from this new education. â€Å"If Umuofia failed to send her children to the school, strangers would come from other places to rule them.† (Achebe, p181) Knowledge gained would help the people protect themselves against any outsiders. It would give them a better understanding on how to defend themselves both physically and as a people. Since they were a culture based almost solely on what was known to them from past experiences, and being unsure of the outside, they would have had no defense against any intruders coming into their land. Examples of this are highly evident in the case of the white man coming in.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The introduction of such a religion also brought about many â€Å"personal† changes, good and bad, to the people of this area. Equality was something unperceived by the Africans. They had a certain standard for living. Some people were considered outcasts by society and forbidden fellowship with the free man; twins were given up to the Evil Forest for death and thought of as evil.

Bible Overview Booklet

Biblical studies have been mostly noted as one of the most complicated procedures that are subjected to several conflicts in the file of theological understanding. The different interpretations of the different religions with regards the theme of the Bible usually causes confusion among the followers of the Christian faith. Unfortunately, not everyone who wants to know the knowledge shared through the Bible is able to get the accurate knowledge that they intend to acquire from the Holy Scriptures.Although there are numerous assistance learning programs provided by the different religious churches in the world, there is still an assumed lack of understanding of the Bible among the majority of the population of people in the human society. This is the primary reason why the book of Max Anders entitled â€Å"30 Days to Understanding the Bible† Intends to suggest ways by which an individual could get the best gist of the biblical learning that is suggested by the Holy Scriptures.F rom this particular reading material, it could be learned that the key to understanding the Bible in a deeper manner is identified by an individual’s right disposition in thinking when reading the word of God. Through this right disposition, an individual would be able to utilize the understanding he has in understanding the Bible in a more complicated yet more practical way. (24) The chapters of this particular book directly points out the possibilities of an individual’s understanding of the Bible within the span of thirty days.It is not through word by word reading without deep understanding but through thematic comprehension that the author suggested an effective and progressive procedure of learning the entire message of the Holy Scriptures. In this particular writing, the author aimed to encourage everyone [Christian or Not] to think of the possibility that understanding the Bible within thirty days could bring an individual.Indeed, the author’s stressing of the major benefits of learning the Bible states the fact that the Holy Scriptures and its theme is designed not for the olden time generation as perceived by other people, instead the pages of the Bible have been written for the sake of the past, the present and the future generations of humankind. To start the discussion with, learning the main themes of the Bible is essential to help the readers get the main idea and the right motivation in reading the Bible.I. The Bible and Its Theme The entire theme of the Bible is focused upon the establishing the Kingdom of God, loosing it and the plan of reestablishing it again. As for a fact, the 66 books of the Bible overall pertain to the purpose of God in creating the Earth for mankind. It could be noted that this idea has been particularly assured by the by the fact that major passages in the Bible discusses the truth behind the plans of God towards the future of humans.Although the Bible had been written for the past hundreds and hun dreds of years, examining it clearly shall prove the fact that the central theme of the Bible is practically applicable to all the different generations of the human civilization. God’s holy Kingdom has been primarily established to give the humans a possibility to live the best lives they could as they are also expected to take advantage of the privilege given to them by their holy creator.The time when God lost the sovereignty of his rulership over the first humans Adam and Eve to the snares of the snake appearing to have been used by the devil as the personification of his voice ha been the reason why the issues on God’s rightful rulership over humans has been questioned. More than that, humans started to suffer for the sake of simply being able to get through with the day. The original purpose of God for humans has been lost by the first partner of humans.Since then, God planned to give his primary purpose upon earth a certain fulfillment in the future. The plans h e had been making for the fulfillment of his purpose has mainly been the entire theme of the Holy Scriptures. As for a fact, the phrase â€Å"Kingdom of God† had been mentioned in the Bible for hundreds of times. II. Bible and the Human History (A Discussion on Creation and the Exodus) One of the primary starting points of explaining the plan was the written history of mankind.From the creation of the first partner of humans towards the coming of the promised messiah, the first centuries of the human history has been presented in the Bible with clear description of the things that the different characters of the past had primarily been dealing with during their era of existence. As 2 Timothy 3: 16 says: â€Å"All Scripture is inspired of God and beneficial for teaching, for reproving, for setting things straight, for disciplining in righteousness, 17 that the man of God may be fully competent, completely equipped for every good work. †This pertains to the fact that the accounted written in the Bible basing form the History of mankind were written aforetime for the benefit of the generations to come which pertains to the present generation. The victories and the failures of the characters had been clearly outlined through the pages of the Bible. Unlike any biographical account books, the Bible gives a detailed description of the characters being discussed including their sins and the consequences of the said wrong doings so as to appeal to the generation that would read the said stories of the lives of the first century Christians.III. The Judges One of the most special sections of the Bible is the part where the procedures of judging the mistakes of the Israelites were given clear and accountable description. The Book of Judges primarily engraves the different principles followed by the Israelites during the olden times. Certainly, the impact of the book of Judges and the impact it has on the procedures of disciplining that true Christians should apply today is indeed strong and highly practical for application.It could be noticed form this particular book in the Bible, that the importance of clinging to the commandments of God is indeed an essential factor in becoming in â€Å"oneness† with God. People who were not able to follow through were not given high regard by the Almighty Creator of all things. Instead, the consequences of their acts are easily coming upon them, enough to remind them of the fact that they have erred against God. His commandments are not like the ones that have been formed within the human set of laws.The limitations set through the principles of God have been designed to protect the humans and are thus not burdensome to follow. As Mathew 11:29 points out: â€Å"Take my yoke upon YOU and learn from me, for I am mild-tempered and lowly in heart, and YOU will find refreshment for YOUR souls. For my yoke is kindly and my load is light. † This particular verse from the Bible supports the f act that although God himself has set the guidelines for his followers to obey and use as protection for their own selves if they do intend to follow the rules set for them.All these guidelines are particularly designed to assist the true Christians in living a fine a life in line with the laws of righteousness without being deeply hardened like as if they are forced to follow a certain set of rules. IV. The Eras of Exile The Israelites who were not able to follow the commandments set for them to follow fell into temptation of sinning against the true God. Exile is the expulsion from one’s own native land or home by authoritative decree; literally in Hebrew, â€Å"a departing. † Cain, who killed his brother Abel, was cursed in banishment from the ground to become a wanderer and a fugitive in the earth.He had been a farmer, but the ground thereafter would not respond to his cultivation. (Inspired by The Holy Scriptures, 1994, 25) In the same term, the Israelites lost th eir given privilege in a way that they were not able to follow the simple commandments of God to them written in His covenant with them. As a result, they were exiled to Babylon and became slaves in a foreign land. It was an assured result portraying the fact that God left their side because of their failure. This is a rightful way of reminding God’s people of their responsibilities as his so called sworn nation.Later on, they were returned back to Jerusalem with a new hope of renewing their faith and their belief in the Holy God, their Father, and Their Creator whom they owed their lives from. From this particular historical account, it could be noted that the Christians of the present era are reminded to have a strong belief in the truth and a strong conviction that following the commandments of God outlined for them in the Bible gives them the benefits that they need to be able to lead a successful way of living.V. The Gospels The Messiah’s coming forth paved way to the refurnishing of the existing Mosaic Law of which the early Christians followed as per given by God himself to protect them from the different effects of a lawless society. The Gospels were set by Christ when he arrived on earth and began to preach the good news to the people of Galilee and other places nearby. He went into places leading his twelve apostles to help people understand the laws of God in a more practical way.HE too set an example for his true followers to copy when he has already gone back to heaven as the right hand of his father. As Mathew 24:19-4 reads: â€Å"Then people will deliver YOU up to tribulation and will kill YOU, and YOU will be objects of hatred by all the nations on account of my name. Then, also, many will be stumbled and will betray one another and will hate one another. And many false prophets will arise and mislead many; and because of the increasing of lawlessness the love of the greater number will cool off. But he that has endured to the en d is the one that will be saved.And this good news of the kingdom will be preached in all the inhabited earth for a witness to all the nations; and then the end will come† Particularly, the Bible aims to help the people around the world realize that one way of copying Jesus’ examples as the giver of life and provider of safety for the ones who trust in him and his principles in living is to help others understand his gospels and the beautiful message about the hope that God gave to mankind regarding a bright future through preaching to them what one has learned for studying the Holy Scriptures. VI.The Missions Aside form the mission of preaching the good news to others that Christ has primarily left his followers with upon returning to heaven, there are two major commandments that needs to be fulfilled by true Christians today. The Bible further says: Let [YOUR] love be without hypocrisy. Abhor what is wicked, cling to what is good. In brotherly love have tender affecti on for one another. In showing honor to one another take the lead. (Romans 12:10) â€Å"He said to him: â€Å"‘You must love your God with your whole heart and with your whole soul and with your whole mind.’ This is the greatest and first commandment. The second, like it, is this, ‘You must love your neighbor as yourself. ’ On these two commandments the whole Law hangs, and the Prophets. † (Mathew 22:37-39) The two major Bible verses cited herein could be noted to have a focus upon the major missions of the true Christians of the present generation of humans. It could be noted that the main point is to inculcate love within the relationships that they establish with others and especially with God.From this point, it should be concluded that the importance of being able to understand this missions and fulfill them in actual application is indeed an essential part of pleasing the Creator of all things. VII. The Church The church is the institution tha t God has placed in assistance to his modern day followers. His holy spirit passes through his appointed ones, whereas he himself leads them carefully in providing the modern day Christian flock with the ample spiritual nutrition that they need to be able to survive the challenges of the world.For this reason, the church has been appointed to be on top of the list of providers of the ample guidance needed by Christians in understanding the Biblical explanations as well as the principles that are outlined for them to follow. From this explanation, it should be certain to modern Christians that religion and the church itself indeed sets the ground for an individual in being able to identify the requirements of God from them as His faithful followers.