Cold War Politics During The Truman Years - 2038 Words

Chapter 26 Elizabeth Modesto 1A Cold War Politics in the Truman Years Questions Notes Why was Helen a surprise to most of the political party? †¢ Congresswoman Helen Gahagan was a person who stood out in the predominately male senate house. She also was a Broadway star prior to her current occupation. o Helen served in the congress when the nation was about to take a drastic change in course in foreign policy and when the destiny of the New Deal was at stake. o Her and her husband were drawn to the politics and joined an Anti-Nazi league in California due to their experience in their trip to Germany. o They had experience first hand of the anti-Semitism throughout Germany. †¢ Helpful motivations and additionally the objective of keeping Western Europe free of socialism drove the selection of this tremendous guide program, one of the remarkable accomplishments of U.S. after war remote arrangement. o In any case, the Marshall Plan additionally supported the U.S. economy in light of the fact that the taking an interest European countries spent the vast majority of the dollars to purchase American items and Europe s financial recuperation made new markets and open doors for American venture. Questions Notes †¢ Truman’s foreign policy experts sought American-Arab friendship as a barrier against Soviet influence in the Middle East and as a means to secure access to Arabian oil. o Uncharacteristically defying his advisers, the president responded instead to pleasShow MoreRelatedThe Soviet Union And The Cold War1038 Words   |  5 PagesAfter a series of events during the time of World War II, tensions between the United States and the Communists such as the Soviet Union and China, developed into a military and political conflict such as the Cold War. During the Cold War, which went on for 50 years, the Soviet Union and the United States competed to expand their economical and political influence. Although, the United States military has increased in size and it’s strategy. The United States power today is highly supreme when itRead MoreEssay on The Cold War from 1950-19801739 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War from 1950-1980 The period of 1950 to 1980 saw the Cold War spread from the traditional playing field of Europe to other parts of the world. However it is quite clear that the USA and the Soviet Union played only a marginal role in originating these conflicts-at the most setting up the basic framework for it to occur. Furthermore, when they did get involved they each did so to varying degrees. The USA seemed to be much more motivated and interestedRead MoreThe Cold War and Its Effect on The History of America Essay1706 Words   |  7 Pages The Cold War was the ideological conflict between the two superpowers of the world, the democratic United States of America and the communist Soviet Union. For over fifty years the two superpowers fought each other indirectly for power and control of the world. The Cold War started after the end of the Second World War in 1945 when the eyes of both superpowers were no longer looking at Nazi Germany, but instead at each other and the fate of the rest of the world. The Cold War began after the SecondRead MoreTruman Doctrine And The Cold War1463 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cold War was one of the most peculiar occurrences in human history, which endured almost fifty years and all those years was the dominant characteristic of international relations. It was a period of indirect confrontation between two, at the time(1945-1989), most powerfull countries in the world- the Soviet Union and the United States of America. However, there is no exact and precise date of the beginning of the war, as it started gradually, with the contribution of many different causes.Read MoreThe Forgotten War Of The Korean War1270 Words   |  6 PagesThe Forgotten War The Korean War was the first military action of the cold war and an effort to restrain the growing communist aggression. Despite this however, this war is often forgotten, perhaps it is because The Korean War wasn’t a â€Å"declared war† and ended in an unsatisfactory stalemate (U.S Enters). Though the Korean War was overshadowed by World War II and the Vietnam War, the Korean people took the freedom we helped buy with our blood and rose to be one of the top ten economies in the worldRead MoreThe Forgotten War Of The Korean War1270 Words   |  6 PagesThe Forgotten War The Korean War was the first military action of the cold war and an effort to restrain the growing communist aggression. Despite this however, this war is often forgotten, perhaps it is because The Korean War wasn’t a â€Å"declared war† and ended in an unsatisfactory stalemate (U.S Enters). Though the Korean War was overshadowed by World War II and the Vietnam War, the Korean people took the freedom we helped buy with our blood and rose to be one of the top ten economies in the worldRead MoreWhat Were The Origins Of The Korean War?850 Words   |  4 PagesWhat were the origins of the Korean War? On June 25, 1950, the Korean War began when 75,000 soldiers from the North Korean People’s Army poured across the 38th parallel which is the boundary between the Soviet Democratic People’s Republic of Korea to the north. This invasion was the first military action of the Cold War. By July, American troops had entered the war on South Korea’s behalf. As far as American officials were concerned, it was a war against the forces of international communism itselfRead MoreOrigins of the Cold War Essay1179 Words   |  5 PagesOrigins of the Cold War Revisionist historians tend to regard the outbreak of the Cold War as a result of American hostility or, at least , diplomatic incompetence, while the more traditional view lays the responsibility squarely at the feet of the Soviet Union. Assess the validity of each view. The Cold War,said to have lasted from the end of World War II to the dismantling of the Soviet Union in 1991, was one of the most significant political events of the 20th century. For nearlyRead MoreSoviet War : The Cold War1289 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the entirety of World War II the United States and the Soviet Union joined forces and repelled against the axis powers. However the two nations did not see eye to eye and as a result had an uneasy relationship. Tensions worsened after the war due to Soviet expansion located in Eastern Europe. The two almost seemed destined to clash after the end of the Second World War. The two nations had contrasting long term interests, and different values in terms of politics. Subsequently, this caused theRead MoreThe United States As A Foreign Power During The 19th Century1292 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States as a Foreign Power during the 19th Century The Declaration of Independence established the self-evident truths that the laws of nature entailed. Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness became rights to every person in the eyes of Americans. As the 20th century approached and America’s international affairs expanded, the natural rights declared by Americans was challenged globally. In order to protect and preserve natural human rights while also improving domestic entities,

Authority Individual - 1437 Words

In Fahrenheit 451, written by Ray Bradbury, authority is viewed as ruthless and the individual is portrayed as innocent. This is also emphasised in two related texts, Whose Life Is It Anyway? By Brian Clark, and Shawshank Redemption, directed by Frank Darabont. The themes of ruthlessness and innocence are exemplified throughout all three texts, through the concept of the authority and the individual. In Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451, authority is depicted as ruthless. This is shown throughout the novel through the character of Montag and through the use of symbolism, oxymoron, repetition and imagery. â€Å"It was a pleasure to burn† this quote is an oxymoron and it portrays Montag’s sadistic perspective as he enjoys something that is†¦show more content†¦Hence it is evident, that authority figures are ruthless in Shawshank Redemption. Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451, conveys the individuals as innocent. This is exemplified through symbolism. White is repeated to describe Faber, â€Å"he and the plaster walls†¦ there was white in flesh†¦ and his hair was white† this shows that Faber is pure and innocent. Bradbury also uses personification, â€Å"her dress was white and it whispered†. This shows the purity of Clarisse. Metaphor is used to describe the innocence of Clarisse, â€Å"her face was fragile milk crystals with a soft and contrast light into it†. This is in contrast to the destructive nature of authority. Therefore, symbolism, personification and metaphors, lead to the individuals innocence which eventually leads them as conformists. â€Å"Sea shells† is an example of metaphor for propaganda. Bradbury also uses dialogue to convey this theme to the reader, when he shows Mildred he has no education and has a weak expression. This also conveys the effect that censorshi p can have on an individual. Bradbury also uses symbolism through the snake. It is symbolic of evil deeds spitting venomous. Therefore, through metaphors, dialogue, symbolism, personification and metaphors, it is evident that individuals are seen as innocent in the text. The issue of innocence of the individuals is also portrayed through Clark’s Whose Life Is It Anyway? The innocence of the characters is shownShow MoreRelatedThe Psychological Evidence Support The Claim That Individuals Will Blindly Conform Or Obey Commands From An Authority Figure2520 Words   |  11 Pagesextent does the psychological evidence support the claim that individuals will blindly conform or obey commands from an authority figure, even when this involves inflicting harm on others? One definition of conformity given by the Oxford English dictionary is ‘behaviour in accordance with socially accepted convention’. Conformity is common among humans and within society, however much people like to think of themselves as individuals. It has even been seen that people will obey commands that hurtRead More Police Authority vs Individual Rights1065 Words   |  5 Pagesskill and the ability to remain unbiased. Especially, in a democratic society, police are often faced with the challenges of personal beliefs and the law. Not only do front lines policemen and women have to exercise their own discretion amongst individuals but also our legal system must do the same. It has been proven before that there are gender differences in the sentencing of criminals. Jury members tend to be more sympathetic and allocate lenient sentences, if any at all, to women (Crew, 1991)Read MoreAuthority Abilities Are Urgent For Both Individual And Expert Advancement1505 Words   |  7 PagesIn today s aggressive world, authority abilities are urgent for both individual and expert advancement. Authority is a critical capacity of administration which helps an individual or a business to amplify effectiveness and to accomplish objectives. Leadership has diverse implications to different authors. Most normally, initiative is characterized as impact, that is, the craft of affecting individuals with the goal that they will endeavor readily and excitedly toward the accomplishment of gatheringRead MoreOrganizational Culture And Its Effect On Individual Perception Of Authority, Behavior, And Learning945 Words   |  4 Pagesimportant as to reflect the intentions and direction that an organization is heading. Weak, toxic cultures could be the ruin of any organization. In order to change culture, it is especially vital to grasp the nuances of its effect on individual perception of authority, behavior, and learning. Thus, this paper utilizes the readings in this session to discuss and analyze organizational culture as well as the dynamic characteristics that create and perpetuate such cultures. Organizational Culture InRead More Max Weber on Society Essay870 Words   |  4 Pagesthe capitalist world he lived in. He had a different conception of capitalist society than most of his contemporaries. He looked at capitalism from all the different aspects that the philosophy was made of. Some of these aspects are state power, authority, class inequality, imperialism, and bureaucracy. To understand how Weber thought one must look at each area separately then put them all together in a global package. Weber describes history in terms of the constant struggle for power. He basesRead MorePolitics, Culture, and identities1758 Words   |  7 PagesIdentities. 1. Describe and discuss theoretical models of political legitimacy, for instance Max Weber’s †ideal types†. It is remarkable that in every group within any society that is based on hierarchies’ rules, they are dominant and dominated individuals. Although, in order for a society to function the â€Å"dominated† should be willing to obey the â€Å"dominants†, which requires legitimacy. This part of the exam work aims to present theoretical models of political legitimacy, with focus on Max Weber’sRead MoreThe Moral Dilemma Of Obedience From Authority And Supervisors937 Words   |  4 Pagesconflicts. Its makes I question authority and test on how far our obedience from authority and supervisors lays thought us. When we were little most of us were taught that by my parents what was right or wrong and how by simply having these few characteristics a person can have such as stronger, more powerful, and intelligent or just have more experience than you that they are always right. We grow up in today s world thinking that should always question the authority because nothing can be tooRead MoreThe Blind Obedience And Authority1237 Words   |  5 PagesBlind Obedience to Authority Millions of people were killed in Nazi Germany in concentration camps however, Hitler wouldn’t have been able to kill them all, nor could just a handful of people. Obedience is when society influences where/ when an individual acts in response to a direct order from another individual, who is usually the authority figure. It is assumed that without such an order the person would not have acted in this way. In order to obey authority, the obeying person has to acceptRead MoreMax Weber And Hannah Arendt1602 Words   |  7 Pagesrenowned as one of the founding fathers to modern sociology. He defined power as being, ‘the ability of an individual or group to achieve their own goals or aims when others are trying to prevent them from realizing them’ (Weber 1925b/1978:926). His concept of power unfolds continuously as he breaks down power into two categories, coercive and authoritative. Coercive power is where an individual exercises power through the use of force. This is in contrast to authoritative where power is seen as legitimateRead MoreIndividual Development Plans1101 Words   |  5 PagesIndividual Development Plans PSY 301 Terray Kashuba September 8, 2006 Personal Development Skills From infancy to adulthood, a person’s emotional development skills differ on many levels; for example: a person may have the ability to manage a whole department but lack a few skills necessary to manage the people who work in that department. I feel as though I can relate to this issue due to the fact that even though my employees get their jobs done, I sometimes sense that they do not consider

SharePoint System

Questions: Part I In this module, you are to try out and evaluate the new SharePoint system recently made available to Trident students. At this point, you may or may not have actually tried to access and use it if you haven't, it's high time that you did. Go to Trident's e-mail login URL and enter your User ID. If you haven't received the instructions for logging in and use yet, please contact the Support Group at Trident right away to obtain them. If you've tried it, you'll recognize this as the opening screen: As the project assignment for this module, you are to: Log into your SharePoint account. Review the purpose of the various tools that you see; in particular, mail and the set of Office tools: Word, Excel, and PowerPoint. By now, you undoubtedly have some familiarity with each of them, probably as stand-alone applications. Try out the online versions and compare them to the standalone experience. There's another application available here that you probably haven't encountered before: OneNote. Look around a bit and get some instructions for it, and try it out for a bit. Give some thought as to how this app might be of use to you in your future work with the University. Try sending and receiving some email with this system. How does it compare with other email systems you're familiar with. Try messaging your professor for this course. What do you think of the results? When you've had a chance to experiment with all these functions at least to some degree, please prepare a brief 2-3 page summary evaluation of what you see as the strengths, limitations, and value of SharePoint relative to other forms of work augmentation tools. Please include your overall assessment of the value of using cloud-based work tools, relative to computer-based applications such as Word and email and/or telephone and/or face-to-face interaction. The last point in the report format above is very important. Be honest and direct; your assessment is helpful to you and to others. If you don't find it helpful, say so and why, and try to explain what you would find more useful in its place. But also do try to remember also that your education isn't yet finished, that things you don't understand now and don't yet see the value of may turn out later on to be relevant and useful, and that the site's creators may know more about this than you do yet. Part II The dominance of Microsoft in general and of Windows as an operating system has led to the emergence of an interesting "cottage industry" based on finding problems with Windows and recommending solutions to them. Some of these problem solvers do fairly straightforward consulting, on a fee for service basis. There are also a goodly number of instances of a rather different business model, a model based on sharing tips and secrets about the systems and applications that are widely used. These sites are generally supported not by direct charges to users, but by serving as portals for advertising, for-pay services, and the like. Some are membership-based, usually free. Collectively, these sites add up to an enormous body of practice wisdom about computer systems. The problem is that they don't always add up, and it is not clear just what is being said at times. For the Case for this Module, you are to research how some of these Windows-supporting advice sites work. A few to start with would include: PC Pitstop chami.com-tips Kellys Korner MajorGeeks.com AnswersThatWork.com Annoyances.org Answers: Part I Purpose of various tools present on the SharePoint: Email To send of receive mails, within or outside the institute network. Office 365 Office 365 has been provided online to us. The features of MS Office, like Word, Excel, PowerPoint, OneNote etc. can be accessed from here. The data saved is on cloud. But it can also be downloaded on the system. The data is saved in real time, hence there is no chance of data loss due to system failure etc. MS Word: It is a word processor, developed my Microsoft. The online version has features and functionalities almost same as the offline version. The major difference arises in the speed, as it depends on the speed on the internet, and well as server. The online version lack some features, like adding add-ons. The document made can be saved on the cloud as well as it can be downloaded in the desire format on the system to be accessed offline. MS Excel: It is a spreadsheet application, developed my Microsoft. It can also be used for database management. The online version has features and functionalities almost same as the offline version. The major difference arises in the speed, as it depends on the speed on the internet, and well as server. The online version lack some features, like adding add-ons. The document made can be saved on the cloud as well as it can be downloaded in the desire format on the system to be accessed offline.MS PowerPoint: It is an application to develop presentations. It has also been developed by Microsoft. The online version allows us to develop a presentation almost in the similar way to that of offline version. The speed depends on server as well as internet speed. The data can be exported for offline use to the computer, or can be saved in cloud. OneNote: OneNote is a new application, which is used as a freeform information gathering. It can be used to collaborate information from multiple users. It is a very handy application for students, as it can help in taking running notes, sharing notes etc. The notes can be typed, as well as there are features of gesture recognition to write the handwritten note, which are converted to text in printed form by OneNote. We hope to use OneNote in future in the University mainly for taking down notes in the class, for sharing them with fellow students and teachers, and while working on group projects. The email provided here lacks many features as compared to other email systems that we use, like Google Mail, Yahoo Mail, Rediffmail etc. But, the basic requirements of sending and receiving emails are fulfilled. The auto forwards can be set, the signature can be set, the folders are customised etc. The features it lack are: auto filtering of mails and spams, the vacation responder, ability to add other emails and linking them to use from same account, chat client, etc. Assessment The online tools and application are very useful, and efficient, probably much more as compared to their offline versions. They have the flexibly to be used and accessed from anywhere. Just an internet connection is required on a system, and were good to go. They do not require any software to be installed on the system, and hence save memory space on the system. The RAM requirements has not to be considered for running heavy software. Everything can be achieved by just a good internet connection. The data is also safe and secure. There is no risk of system failure, hard disk crash, or any type of physical damage, as data is stored on cloud. The cloud is generally situated at many locations, and hence, is a risk free operation. The data is also saved in real time on cloud while the work is in progress, and hence, the risk of power failure etc. are also eliminated. Working on cloud also allows sharing of data easy. Hence, working on group projects where a collaboration needs to be done by more than one user becomes very easy. The cloud also is beneficial for the environment as it prevents paper use, and hence, trees. The interaction based on cloud is fast as compared to any other means of communication which is not based on internet. Email is delivered almost instantaneously at any location. The only drawbacks of cloud based system are, requirement of high bandwidth, connectivity to internet at all times, and limitation on features. The features is expected to be added and improved over time. If internet connectivity is not present at a location, the data stored on cloud cannot be accessed, and hence, we become cripple. The high bandwidth requirement is due to high-end application that are used over cloud like Office 365 etc. Part II Nature of the Problem The problem faced by me in my Windows based system was, when I upgraded the system from Windows 7 to Windows 8, the device driver for Bluetooth stopped working. The driver provided earlier was not supported by the new OS, and hence, it didnt allow the installation. This prevented the connection of my PC with any peripheral devices based on Bluetooth, like headset, speakers, phone etc. Efforts made earlier to resolve the issue I tried to install the various drivers provided with the PC in a CD. They didnt work. I tried to download third part drivers by searching on Google, none of them worked. I tried to find out the model and make of by Bluetooth driver hardware, which I got to know to be BRODCOMM, and tried to download and install the driver from the manufacturers website but it didnt work either. Advice from other than parent company I searched for the help online for the issue (my specific search term was: Install Bluetooth driver in Windows 8, Dell), and received following help from various sources: Tomshardware.com: They have marked the problem solved. They suggested to install some third party software for Bluetooth driver, and original driver is not available for Windows 8. It didnt solve my problem. They have suggested three ways. One was to install third party software. The other was to install driver from manufacturers website. I had already tried them both. The next solution as to get the Windows 7 driver, unzip it, and from the unzipped files, find the installation executable file (Broadcom.exe in this case), in the folder of version of Windows (that is, 32-bit or 64-bit), and install it manually from there. My tried that, and my problem was solved. Windows installed the driver in compatibility mode, and it was back working. Before installing the driver manually from last step, I tried to confirm the process from other websites too which listed the problem to be solved. This website suggested the same process. Advice from parent company I tried to get advice from both Microsoft and Dell (as I am using Dell Inspiron 1464), for the issue, but both the forums suggested to grade down my Windows from Windows 8 to Windows 7, and drivers are not supported for Windows 8 for my laptop. The forums were of no practical help. They redirected me to the driver download page, which had no option to download driver for the OS I wanted. Assessment From my experience, I can suggest that the online help is best that can be sought when a problem arises in a PC. The best way to get help is from forums other than the parent company forums, as they moderate non-conventional methods to solve the issue. The problems are generally solved by just twisting the things a bit, and can be easily made to work. Parent companies whereas try to stick to the convention, which leads nowhere. Thus, best way is to search web for online forum, and sought help from there. Review on websites listed in assignment: Kellys Korner The website has been shut down, as the webpage expired, and it was never renewed. This is mainly because not much systems use Windows XP anymore, which was the main focus of this website. The website not mainly provides download for software and drivers, from the cloud. The site has built its tune-up utility toolkit, which can scan the PC for faults and make it faster. It also has a forum to search for problems and sought help related to issues. The side is under maintenance since a long period.PC Pitstop This site also provide scan and tune-up solutions for free, and provides a forum for help. Free software are also made available here. References https://tomshardware.com https://wiknikx.com https://sevenforums.com https://majorgeeks.com https://pcpitstop.com

Coordination between Business Functions-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.The role of the Marketing Function and the Operations Management function of an Organization. 2.The nature of the quality conflicts that could arise because of a lack of coordination between the two business functions. Explain in terms of actual quality, customers's expectation, customer satisfaction and/or dissatisfaction. 3.The Importance of coordination between the two Business Functions. Answers: Introduction 1.Role of the Marketing Function The marketing department is important for the organization because it helps in growth of the sales and revenue of the organization. It is essential to develop a marketing plan. The marketing plays an important role in upgrading the customers, competition and improvement in the external environment. Marketing plays an important role and it takes into account the strength and weakness of the organization. The marketing plan is formed which is reviewed by the management and it is updated on an annual basis in order to set the annual sales and budget. The marketing plan is formed which takes in account the sales budget, the forecast of demand and also identifies the resources required for the existing as well as the new products. In order to be successful in the implementation of the plan it is vital that the management functions in order to manufacture, deliver the products and the services. Marketing function is a difficult thing and it is very complex (Heizer 2016). The operation management shall have the appropriate information so that the company is able to deliver the best. In order to run the marketing and to function it well it is crucial that the operation functions it and the marketing team promotes the plan so that it is implemented on time and to the specification. It is important the marketing personnel meets the target for the customers and are able to serve the customers well and the deliver the specified goods to them. In case of Marketing, it is vital that the operation team as well the marketing team is able to function together with harmony. Today, the trade barriers have reduced and the companies have expanded considerably (Brannen, Piekkari and Tietze 2014). There are many marketing mistakes that many companies have, out of which Pepsi is one of them who have changed their colors of to blue and the company did not realize that the color blue was associated with mourning in SE Asia and therefore it lead to the substantial decrease in the market share (McDonald and Wilson 2016). Role of Operation Management Operation Management is crucial for the proper running of the business. Some authors have described operation management as the day to day activities which involve the designing as well as the system which helps in the achievement of output as predicted by the organization. The operation management has its root in manufacturing, although only manufacturing cannot make the business survive. Today, the immense competition is raising it is important that the company is able to meet the expectation of the customer and to maintain the quality of the product so as to sustain in the market. The customer expectation plays an important role and it is dependent on the level of quality and the improvement in technology (Johnston and Marshall 2016). Operation management is related to variety of things such as the service, the transport and the supply of operation. In order to run the organization well, it is important that an organization has its own manufacturing, supply, transport and service. 2.The nature of the quality conflicts due to lack of coordination between the two business functions in: Customers needs and expectations The customer needs are very important for the organization therefore the company keeps high standard to maintain the level of satisfaction. In case of lack of coordination between the departments in the organization, the company is not able to meet the demands of the consumer wants. In order to meet the needs of the customer and disseminate of the intelligence it is vital to have coordination between the two businesses function. If there is a lack of coordination between the two business function then there will be conflict in the actual output of the products. The following is affected: There is very high customer complaints and which leads to the expensive mechanism It is costly for the company to maintain the responses of the customers The company thus have to maintain the products which are not valued by the consumers The holding cost of the department is high (Hond et al. 2014). In The company has to invest in the promotion and the selling in order to win new business The company will lose the customers with the lost opportunities. It is necessary to develop new platform so that the company is able to secure a good customer base which is held due to the quality performance (Baccarani, Ugolini and Bonfanti 2015). Customer Satisfaction The marketing and coordination between all the departments in the organization is important to achieve customer satisfaction. The organization faces issues and has to compete in order to in the buyers market so as to expose its products and services, and increase its communication and appearance in the market. The performance of the customers and it satisfaction reduces because the consumers chose among the various offers. If the organization is not able to provide the employee exact service then there is huge decrease in the satisfaction of the consumers and thus the company will not grow (Giaretta Castellani and Garofalo 2016,) Customer Dissatisfaction It is caused leading to failure in the performance of the product. If the customer is dissatisfied then there is a disparity in their expectation and product performance. If the consumers are expecting which were not realistic and there is no product performance. Satisfaction is defined as the consumers response to the evaluation of the perceived discrepancy between prior expectations and the actual performance of the product after its consumption (Plinke 2015). 3.The importance of coordination between the two business functions. Coordination is crucial which involves the proper arrangement of individuals and the groups in order to achieve a particular aim. It is important that the organization is able to have proper coordination in between the entire department so and to achieve the organizational objectives. Coordination involves proper planning of the different efforts in the entire department so that the desired objective is achieved without any problems in conflict. Coordination becomes necessary when the management work together to arrive at a desired objective (Fayol 2016). If there is no proper synchronization in the efforts of the various departments then the company cannot achieve the goals. The coordination is a important function which helps he management so that there is no overlapping of work and the it is done without conflict and thus unity of action is achieved. The coordination function is the essence of all the organization. The manager of all the branches and the department applies to all the levels in the management. Thus coordination helps in the maintenance of the harmonious relationship between the groups and therefore to gain efficiency in the organization. These are the reasons as to why the coordinating function is necessary: It affects the function of the management such as the planning and the organizing It is the principle of management and thus included in one principle There should be coordination between the managers so as to give a common direction to the effort of the people who are working in the various departments (Bharadwaj et al. 2013). Coordination is required to be maintained in order to accomplish the goals of the organization. It is crucial that everyone in the organization operates smoothly so that the efforts of the people are synchronized in the organization. Conclusion In all the organization, all the employees have their own goals. It is the duty of the management to ensure that there is good coordination between the production and the marketing department in the organization and its employees. The management utilizes the experience of the employees for achievement of the goals of the organization. Thus the objective of employees is generally to get maximum remuneration whereas the objective of the organization is to increase the production and wealth. Managers coordinate both by motivating the employees to achieve higher remuneration by producing more, which ultimately helps in realizing the objectives of both sides. Thus this will help the organization to sustain on long term basis References Baccarani, C., Ugolini, M. and Bonfanti, A., 2015, August. A conceptual service quality map: The value of a wide opened perspective. InToulon-Verona Conference" Excellence in Services". Bharadwaj, A., El Sawy, O.A., Pavlou, P.A. and Venkatraman, N.V., 2013. Digital business strategy: toward a next generation of insights. Brannen, M.Y., Piekkari, R. and Tietze, S., 2014. The multifaceted role of language in international business: Unpacking the forms, functions and features of a critical challenge to MNC theory and performance. Fayol, H., 2016.General and industrial management. Ravenio Books. Giaretta, E., Castellani, P. and Garofalo, A., 2016, December. Improving the quality of information exchange among top managers. InToulon-Verona Conference" Excellence in Services". Heizer, J., 2016.Operations Management, 11/e. Pearson Education India. Hond, F., Rehbein, K.A., Bakker, F.G. and Lankveld, H.K.V., 2014. Playing on two chessboards: Reputation effects between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate political activity (CPA).Journal of Management Studies,51(5), pp.790-813. Johnston, M.W. and Marshall, G.W., 2016.Sales force management: Leadership, innovation, technology. Routledge. McDonald, M. and Wilson, H., 2016.Marketing Plans: How to prepare them, how to profit from them. John Wiley Sons. Plinke, W., 2015. The Core Concept of Marketing Management. InFundamentals of Business-to-Business Marketing(pp. 77-127). Springer International Publishing

Emily Dickinson Essays (886 words) - American Christians

Emily Dickinson An Analytical Essay on Emily Dickinson Emily Dickinson was a woman who lived in times that are more traditional; her life experiences influence and help us to understand the dramatic and poetic lines in her writing. Although Dickinson's poetry can often be defined as sad and moody, we can find the use of humor and irony in many of her poems. By looking at the humor and sarcasm found in three of Dickinson's poems, Success Is Counted Sweetest, I am Nobody, and Some keep the Sabbath Going to Church, one can examine each poem show how Dickinson used humor and irony for the dual purposes of comic relief and to stress an idea or conclusion about her life and the environment in the each poem. Emily Dickinson was born in Amherst Massachusetts; a small farming town that had a college and a hat factory. There, she was raised in a strict Calvinist household while receiving most of her education at a boarding school that followed the American Puritanical tradition. She seldom left her hometown; virtually, her only contact with her friends came to be made through letters. As a young woman, Dickinson rejected comforting traditions, resisted male authority, and wrestled alone with her complex and often contrary emotions. Although she was claimed to be a high-spirited and active young woman, Dickinson began to withdraw from society in the 1850's. The many losses she experienced throughout her life, the death of her father, mother, close neighbors, and friends influenced her life largely and led her to write about death to an enormous amount. Dickinson made a few attempts during her life to be taken as more than an amateur poet; on one occasion, she sent a collection of her poems t o a correspondent who was a published poet. His criticism of her poetry devastated Dickinson, and she never made another attempt towards publishing her works. Evident through her letters and poems, her poetry records intense devotion, sharp, skeptical independence, doubt, and what repeatedly reflects her happiness and despair. In the poem, Success is Counted Sweetest; Dickinson's emphasis is less on humor and more on expressing irony. Here it is bitterness expressed towards the status or notion of success that is most felt by the reader as Dickinson reflects on the nature of success and how it can be best appreciated and understood by those who have not achieved it. While the previous poem expresses the poet's bitterness and sorrow with one aspect of her life, I am Nobody uses humor without irony to address another. In this poem, Dickinson's style appears almost child-like in its of descriptions including frogs and bogs. Dickinson seems to be addressing her spinster, hermit-like existence, and her preference for it. The poet relates through her writing that her situation has not left her without a sense of humor, but in fact has allowed her to maintain a child-like outlook on life rather than adapting to the tedious norms of her society. She mocks the conventional need for self-importance through publicity suggesting that the audience is not that interested by creating the mysterious feeling of an arcane society of social outcasts. In this poem, she effectively uses humor to soften a critique of elite members of her society. In addition, in the poem Some Keep the Sabbath Going to Church, she questions the sincerity of those who attend church on Sunday on a customary basis. Through the use of comparing the formalities of church with her own celebration of the Sabbath through the appreciation of nature, Dickinson casually suggests that those in attendance at church may not be as sincere in their worship as she is. Dickinson ridicules the congregation as she accuses them of attending merely for show and to gain status in the community. Also, she argues with the notion that attending church alone will lead towards salvation, suggesting that it is her own actions of finding God in nature that will lead to the path of redemption. The humor in this poem is not as explicit as in the other poems discussed, nor is the irony as directly expressed as in Success is Counted Sweetest. The reader can sense Dickinson's sarcasm in the opening lines of

Sybolism in A Rose for Emily essays

Sybolism in A Rose for Emily essays In the short story, A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner, symbolism is used frequently throughout the story. There are several different symbolic subjects in this story such as the house, Miss Emily as a monument, Homer and the Yankee views, and Miss Emilys old Negro servant who represents death in the story. Miss Emily is compared to her house in many different ways, there is the description of the decaying house which symbolizes Miss Emilys physical and emotional decay, and as well as her mental problems. The representation between Miss Emily and the house is shown through the constant neglect that is given to her from the neighbors and people in the town. Faulkner in one point makes, the house is described to be stubborn and unrelenting, as Miss Emily portrays the same aspects. Miss Emily shows her stubbornness when she doesnt let the new guard attach metal numbers above her door. Also many other signs of this stubbornness is when Miss Emily refuses to believe that her father is dead and when she refuses to pay taxes. This retracts back to the house on how it rejects progression and updating, so does Miss Emily, as they become decaying symbols of their dying generation. Miss Emily really is representing the Old South, her southern heritage and her points of view are given through her actions. Thats where she gets her stubbornness and attitude from the strong characteristics of her Southern heritage. She refused to believe that the times where changing and refused to change into the new society like everyone else in the town was doing. The Southern heritage is also represented through Miss Emilys strict and repetitive ways. The story basically addresses the changes in the South after the Civil War. Miss Emily is considered a monument of the Southern manners and her past values that she has. The Old South generations were dying qui...

What are the most useful insights that psychology has contributed to Essay

What are the most useful insights that psychology has contributed to the study of foreign policy - Essay Example er of a foreign policy†, according to Morgenthau, â€Å"can be ascertained only through the examination of the political acts performed and of the foreseeable consequences of these acts.† (1978:5). By this, not only the performance of the political leaders could be traced out, but also, from the predictable consequences the objectives of their acts can be surmised. Foreign policy, as a discipline, is as old as human society itself is, though as a study, it is the invention of eighteenth century. â€Å"Foreign policy practice does not come into language†, states Benedict Anderson (1991), â€Å"until Jeremy Bentham coins the term ‘international relations’ in the 18th century†. The world has emerged as an enormous global village in the contemporary era. No country on the planet can survive while living in a state of isolation or without interacting with other countries. In order to meet their everyday needs, all the countries seek out foreign assistance and support. Even the biggest economies of the world devise foreign policy to entail international markets, for not only acquiring raw material and sale their finished products according to their growing needs, but also they look for strategic bondage and diplomatic cohesion more emphatically. In addition, countries seek political, economic and technological backing for the uplift of their nation. Rationalism is the key to construct national and international strategy. Psychology, being one of the most significant disciplines and a vast phenomenon of analysing the mind and perception of an individual and his personality, has won appreciable popularity as the source of scientific examination of human behaviour. It not only determines individual’s attitude and behaviour, but also carries weight while estimating the policies of nations at large. A step taken by a sovereign while co-operating or conflicting with some other state(s) maintain some psychological aspects in its wake. This leads towards the formation of

Export Strategy for an Organisation Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Export Strategy for an Organisation - Coursework Example Certain recommendations have been provided to AEC so that it can export avocados in the business markets of Netherlands successfully. Moreover, certain challenges have also been depicted that the company might face while exporting the fruit especially in the Dutch business market. It can be affirmed that the proper execution of the stated recommendations would eventually aid AEC in exporting avocados in the business markets of Netherlands with utmost profitability and productivity. Recommendations After having a potential and a broad capture of Middle and South-East Asia business market, AEC can desire to expand its operations in other regions of the world. In this similar concern, an export strategy would be developed for the company for its intention towards exporting avocado in a particular European nation i.e. Netherlands. Netherlands is often viewed to be one of the richest nations in the world and possesses greater per capita income. These facets eventually make Netherlands to be an idle place as export destination, especially in relation to the case of health benefit products like avocado. Avocado is duly considered as one of the nutritious fruits as compared to others. Considering from a general standpoint, most of the countries often seek for obtaining nutritious food products and thus, Netherlands can be the suitable place for the export of the fresh avocados. Also the people of Netherlands are recognised to be quite health conscious, resulting in supporting AEC towa rds exporting this product in the targeted European nation of Netherlands. It can be apparently observed both the nations possess better international trade relation, which would eventually aid in exporting the product to the targeted nation (CBI Market Information Database, n.d.). Background Auspak Avocados, established in the year 2009 is regarded as an Australian based company holding the mission of becoming a foremost leader especially in exporting fresh avocados from Australia. The company is trading as Avocados Export Company (AEC), situated in Brisbane, Queensland and is owned by a group belonging to the growers, packers along with the marketers of avocado across Australia. The company has been viewed to employ technology driven producers and utilise modern packaging facilities in order to ensure better customer satisfaction. The company tends to build as well as develop effective business affiliation based upon the aspects of mutual trust and respect. The company accounts ne arly about 60 % of the production of Australian avocado with emphasising exporting fresh avocados to the international business markets. AEC has become a key player in both South and Middle-East regions of Asia. Moreover, the company has positioned itself as a global leader in the export industry in terms of volume, quality and supply of avocados to the international consumers. The excellent quality of Australian avocados signifies huge demand of this particular fruit in all regions of the globe. With all credentials, AEC is already exporting Avocados in Singapore, Thailand, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Malaysia and Hong Kong. The logistics system of the company has supported it to become a reliable source of year round supply of high quality avocados. The company follows effective strategies in order to en

Recommendation of options that are available for Singapore Airlines Essay

Recommendation of options that are available for Singapore Airlines for their future strategy direction - Essay Example These services include variety of services ranging from cargo facilities to engine repairing packages as well. In this context, it can be stated that SIA has been implementing product development strategy with utmost concern towards its long run competency and sustainability. The major subsidiaries of SIA in this regards are the SIA Cargo, SilkAir as well as Tradewinds Tours and Travels among others. In addition, SIA has also been implementing the market penetration strategy by developing the products along with the offered services on a continuous basis. In this regards, SIA allows discounts of almost 50% on the â€Å"Exceptional Value Deals† during the holiday seasons focusing mainly upon the seasonal travellers (Kenny, 2009: 153-196; Kumar & Phrommathed, 2005: 50-97). However, in comparison to all the aforementioned strategies, SIA have been extensively concentrated on the diversification approach as its future strategic direction which is quite likely to influence a few noteworthy risk factors in relation to its operations. For instance, if a business organisation diversifies on a continuous basis and in an extensive way, it may result in increasing complexity at the operational level and likewise creating a negative impact over the productivity level of the company. Therefore, it can be advised that SIA should render equal importance to the product development strategies as well with the intention to fortify the product life cycle and simultaneously boost its profitability in the national as well as international market. This would facilitate SIA to develop its existing products and also aid the group to introduce new products for the current market. It is worth mentioning in this context that the company can also opt for market penetration and market development strategies. However, each of these strategic options is noted to possess certain limitations

Tesco is biggest supermarket

Tesco is biggest supermarket INTRODUCTION Tesco is biggest supermarket chain in the U.K. it has more than 1700 stores in the U.K alone and has about 2318 stores in the whole world. It also sells its products through online Tesco.com. Tesco is the U.Ks largest retailers which operate through its branches under the name of Extra, Metro, superstore and Express. Political and other conditions of UK and European union has very much influence on the Tesco performance. Tesco employs a large number of students and disable people and elderly people and pays them in most cases lower wages. Consumers are getting to know about health issues and their approach in choosing the food product is increasingly changing. (Ivythesis, 2009) Tesco has serving more than 40,000 food products including non food items and clothing to its customers. The companys own products which contribute about 50% of its sales are categorized in three different types Value, normal and finest. As a convenience produce most of Tesco store have gas store and filling stations. It is becoming one of U.K biggest independent filling outlets. Tesco is operating others business as well which includes retail banking, Tesco insurance, Tesco mobile as well. (bized, 2009) The company is also the first in U.K which allows their customer to pay or cash their cheques at the tills. Tesco has been employing a large number of British people and it facilitating it by allowing the new branded product into Tesco which helps the new companies to grow and employ more people. But recently company realized to look for some other products which are not available in U.K market. Recently Tesco has been facing stiff competitions from Sainsbury and Asda food giants. The goal of Tesco management is to focus on competitive advantage by adding more value in its products like Tesco has starts giving delivery services to its customers as well. The business and organizational strategy applied by Tesco has helps the organization to make its core business which is in the UK more strong. It also helps the company to expand its business internationally. These services includes providing the financial services like offering Credit cards, loans, insurance and banking services. There is also a strategy to find the potential market to enhance the market share of the company in Asia, Europe and in United States. The strategy to explore new market has started in 1997and it has been the foundation of success of Tesco business. There has been a huge expansion in its expansion of operations with the opening of thousands of store for the past12 years has been made possible with the implementation of this strategy, they are having competitive edge over other businesses and are profitable. In fact Tesco is market leader not even in U.K but also outside the U.K as well. (tesco plc, 2009) 1) STRATEGY OF TESCO: Tesco has been doing business in the stock exchange since 1947 and it was having share price 27 pence in the beginning. It has been keeping on growing and has become a popular name on the High street of the UK. Tesco has a strategy which is describes as Pile it high and sell it cheap but with time as people attitude has been changed and there become a trend in the better interior of stores, Tesco has made huge investments in the refurbishments of its stores and make them very attractive to shop for customers. It has added many value added service and product in its operations. It has start selling petrol and customer gets discount when they buy from Tesco and then they spend money to buy petrol. It has made a huge investment on the implementing of Tesco loyalty card scheme. 1.1 STRATEGY: Tesco has done well by successfully implementing the four parts of its business strategy. A strong UK core business , Non food Retailing services International The objectives of this strategy are: To be a successful retailers in the world. To grow the core UK business. To be as strong in the non-food items as in food items. To develop retailing services- such as Tesco personal Finance, Telecoms and Tesco.com. To put the community in the heart whatever we do. Tesco has taken considerable steps to attract customer with advent of Tesco Extra, Tesco Metro, Tesco Super stores and Tesco Express at town with filling stations. These stores provide all essentials food and non food items at very competitive prices. These stores give a direct challenge to other stores like ASDA, Sainsbury etc. Tesco has introduced a loyalty club card. Customer gets points from every purchase they made and then they can get product with these points. For Tesco this thing help to get a value data about customer, what is customers buying behavior and how they respond to the sales promotions carried on in the store. Apart from the product it sells it has worked on the other services as well. It has start providing the Loans, credit cards and online sale of products. Tesco has taken to expand in other countries like India, Japan, and U.S.A and in Europe as well. It has continuing working on the improvements of services to its customers. In USA it has made a partnership with Safeway Group. (articlebase,2009) 2) ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS: 2.1 PESTEL FRAMEWORK: 2.1.1 Political Factors: Tesco has stores worldwide and its main business is in UK. These countries includes many European countries. It also has stores in Taiwan, Japan and India as well. Political and other environmental factors of UK and European are having a too much influence on the Tesco performance. These legislations advise to these stores to hire people for different position in the company. These people include the students, disables and senior citizens as well. As local business in the Tesco suffers heavily because of competitions, in order to survive these local stores cuts the jobs so Tesco has hire a large number of People to accommodate them. Tesco usually pays them low wages. 2.1.2 Economical Factors: Tesco is very much concern to the economic factors because prices and demand gets affected with this. Goods and services are heavily affected if the economic conditions of people is not good and many people are unemployed and it influence the people purchasing capacity so demand for the goods and services will be affected. Tesco is heavily dependant on UK market, Although international business are growing but Tesco is still dependent on the U.K food market and if the demand for UK food market get slow down then it will badly affect the Tesco performance. 2.1.3 Social/Cultural Factors: Currently the U.K people trend shows that they prefer to go at that store from where they could get everything. There has been huge demographics changes in the UK population happened i-e ageing people, increase in the number of female workers and declining in the preparations of food in the home, which has force Tesco to sell supporting products and services as well. Customers demands of services and products are created by the change of their social and cultural changes, their beliefs. People are recognizing the hygienic problems. Tesco is adopting a product mix in order to meet the demand of organic products. It has start mentioning the product with labels on it for people who strictly want to use product which are free from animals ingredients. U.K has a diverse population from different cultural background people. Areas which are densely populated with Asian people prefer to go for their traditional foods so keep this thing in mind Tesco management have introduced mostly those products which are in demand in those areas. (321books, 2009) 2.1.4 Technological factors: Technological improvement has benefited both the company and customers. Goods are readily available in the store which has increased the customer satisfaction and it has become easier to manage the ordering system. Customers get served more quickly than before. Tesco stores are utilizing the following technologies in their outlets: Wireless devices Intelligent scale Electronic shelves labeling Self check out machine Radio frequency identification. By the use of electronic tills and fast fund transferring machine and new scanner has increased the operational activities of the Tesco which has improve the image of the Tesco further. (Finch, 2004). 2.1.5 Environmental factors: Starting from 2003, managers were under great pressure to look into society issues and adopt policy which benefits for both the society and for the company. (Lind green and Hingley, 2003). In order to prove that company care about society, they need to clearly work about environmental issues. By recognizing this trend Tesco has been working on the environmental issue to prove that it is a socially responsible organization which cares about the environment. Government has introduced new policies which aim to reduce the waste pollution and encourage the companies to take steps to reduce the pollution. Recently a new legislation has been created in which a heavy tax has been imposed on those products which are not environment friendly. This tax has been directly affecting the Tescos products and damaging the relations with suppliers and customers. 2.1.6 Legislative factors: Tesco performance has been affected by various government policies and legislation. Tesco is bound by law no to take payments from supplier to take order for goods and any such kind of activities. The existence of strong competitors has created a demand of stiff competitions in prices of branded products and a strong demand for product diversification. Government policies to control the monopoly and reduction of buyers powers can reduce the chances to enter in this sector with such controls. (Mintel Report, 2004: Myers, 2004). Tesco has been giving discount on buying the petrol to its customers based on amount it spends on the purchase of groceries at the stores. Tescos keep the prices on the promotions low while it increase the prices on other products in the store in order to compensate. 3) PORTERS FIVE FORCES FRAMEWORK: 3.1 Threats of new entrants: There is four big supermarket which are Tesco, Sainsbury, ASDA, Liddell which makes 75% of total market and Waitrose, Somerfield and Budgens makes about 10% percent of total market. The trend in people of UK has been changed to one stop shopping and they want to get everything at one place so majority of grocery stores has transformed into one stop supermarket. These big supermarkets heavily affects the surrounding butcher and food shops. These big supermarket does not let any new business to come into their area as they give very stiff competitions and starting business in those area are more difficult because of huge capital investment. In order to make a solid position in the UK market, Tesco has been spending a huge amount of money on the development of existing infrastructure. 3.2 Bargaining Power of Supplier: Suppliers power of bargaining get affected from big store as the supplier fear that if they put their own conditions of bargaining then they might lose it client and will not be able to operate their business. Tesco always negotiate with suppliers to get the best competitive prices and get a better price as compared to small food chains. The UK small food chains also threatened from this big supermarket as they get cheap goods from abroad for their promotional activities. So the relations with the suppliers can have affects on the freedom and margin of the company. (321books, 2009) 3.3 Bargaining Power of Customers: Tesco club card scheme is very successful in order to retain the customers with Tesco which has increase the profit margin of the Tesco significantly. In order to fulfill the customers needs, the customized services such as lower prices, better choices, constant flow of promotional products and availability of all the product which customers demands enables Tesco to retain its customers. In recent years a huge changes has occurred in the food chain stores due to a change of behavior of customers, So Tesco has started keeping more non food items as well in its stores. It has also provides a strategic expansion of its business into new markets such as retail banking, pharmacies, phone shops. 3.4 Threats of substitutes: A demand for a particular product can be reduce due to a general substitution because there is always a threat that customer will switch to alternatives (Porter, 1980). Substitute for needs and product for product has been observed in the grocery industry. It is more affected with the new trend. Small stores are opening up in the industry. In this case supermarket like Tesco is trying to taking over the small stores and opening up big stores in town centers. (Ritz, 2005). 3.5 Bargaining Power of Competitors: Tesco is getting lot of customer information through its loyalty club card and trying to improve its relations with the consumers. In UK food industry, because of high competitive expansions, most of these big stores are taking further steps by investing more money in the information system of the business. 4) CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS: By doing an evaluation of Tesco industry it has become an important to identify the success factors to consider the effectiveness of Tesco. 4.1 Branding and Reputation: The company is expanding rapidly by working hard on its packaging and spending every penny on promotions which contribute to the environment as well. Tesco is doing well in the information system applications. By introducing loyalty club card system which has helped the Tesco to get a valuable data about customers behaviors about their spending, choices and etc. 4.2 IT integration: Tesco is always step ahead in applying the new technology and it has become a necessity rather luxury in Tescos operations. A system that controls stocks, helping to serves the customers; keeping valuable record of customers transactions and ordering system is the lifeline of the Tesco. 4.3 Supplier Management: To have a competitive position in the market Tesco also get most of its products from oversee countries which are cheaper as compared to UK. Tesco has been supporting British companies for its branded products but recently it has start importing products which are not manufacturing in the UK. To keep a better communication to get its products on time Tesco has adopted a advance communication system which enables the suppliers to delivers products on time. 5) MARKET OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES IMPLEMENTATIONS: Tesco has plan to introduce two types of strategies, first one will going to focus to explore the market and find new customer with its new products and second one is on the diversifications of products. 5.1 Joint development and joint ventures: Tescos has a long term strategy to focus on the Japan market. In making possible Tesco is making partnerships with local business to enter into the market. By doing joint ventures Tesco will have a economy of scale and has made a good image of its brand name. (Andrew, 2009) By the entering into partnership with the local businesses in the foreign countries, Tesco will get the necessary skill in order to penetrate in the market. So in future it will be easy for Tesco to operate its operations independently. By doing joint venture with the international companies Tesco will improve its operational skills as well. 5.2 Product Diversification: UK is diverse population which comprises of different ethnic people from different countries. Tesco can do more development expansion by opening up new stores in those areas where people strictly go for their traditional food, so Tesco can add whole range of products which is in demand in these areas. 6) CRITICAL EVALUATION: Ro have a sustainable competitive advantage Tesco should apply following strategies: Firstly Tesco should adopt a strategy of cost leadership by offering goods and services to its customers at low prices in a broad market. This strategy will help the Tesco to reduce its cost, Tesco will be able to sell its products competitively and thus generate huge profit. If Tesco has to adopt another strategy then, It has to offers it products and services with a unique features which customers value it. Then Tesco has to gives some other value added services in technology, competitive price, special features and customer service improvements. Last strategy of niche is from either cost leadership strategy or product differentiation but focus on narrow market. In order to perform cost leadership strategy Tesco has to work on internal efficiencies that will help Tesco to cope with external pressure. As these both strategies are aimed at broader market, it may be possible than Tesco focus on small market or with a limited range of product. In other words, Tesco may be pursuing the strategy to be a leader in cost and keeping a huge variety in product. This can be done with a specific product in a market or by selecting a specific market for its products. The problem which many of organizations have that these organization implement all these strategies one time and most of them stuck in middle. But Tesco is very careful when it select a market, they have a clear strategy regarding it. (Wringley, 1988) 7) CONCLUSION Tesco is a very well established organization in the UK. Tesco apply different strategy in the organization to make the business grows. Its primary focus is to attract the customers and keep the loyal customers attached with the organization. In order to evaluate the customers it has apply different technology process in order to know the customers needs, their attitude and likes and dislikes. It has a specific layout which has been applied in all its branches. Tesco is investing a lot money on its information technology improvement which has helped it to improve its sales and get a competitive advantage over its competitors. 8) REFERENCES Publications from the Tesco preliminary result.2004. [online]. [Accessed on 2 December 2009]. Available from World Wide Web: . Publications from the Tesco web site. Tesco plc.2009. [online]. [Accessed 2 December 2009]. Available from World Wide Web: http://www.tescoplc.com/plc/about_us/strategy. Publications from 321books web site. Porters five forces model.2009. [online]. [Accessed 5 December 2009]. Available from World Wide Web: http://www.321books.co.uk/catalog/tesco/porters-five-forces.htm. Andrew.2007. Article base web site. [online]. [Accessed 5 December 2009]. Available from World Wide Web: http://www.articlesbase.com/sales-articles/success-of-tesco-in-great-britain-163894.html. Publications from a article from web site.2006. [online]. [Accessed 8 December 2009]. Available from World Wide Web: http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2009/08/tesco-strategic-analysis.html. WRINGLEY, N. 1988. Store choice, store location and market analysis. NY (USA). T.J press. [Accessed on 8 December 2009]. Available from World Wide Web: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xbYOAAAAQAAJpg=PA106dq=tesco+analysisei=xkZDS7naLqXczQTRkZDtDgcd=1#v=onepageq=tesco%20analysisf=false. PANDELETON, D. 2004. Tescos Steering Wheel Strategy. [online]. [Accessed on 9 December 2009]. Available from World Wide Web: http://www.icmrindia.org/casestudies/catalogue/Business%20Strategy/BSTR187.htm.

monsanto good or evil :: essays research papers

ANNISTON, Ala. -- On the west side of Anniston, the poor side of Anniston, the people ate dirt. They called it "Alabama clay" and cooked it for extra flavor. They also grew berries in their gardens, raised hogs in their back yards, caught bass in the murky streams where their children swam and played and were baptized. They didn't know their dirt and yards and bass and kids -- along with the acrid air they breathed -- were all contaminated with chemicals. They didn't know they lived in one of the most polluted patches of America. Now they know. They also know that for nearly 40 years, while producing the now-banned industrial coolants known as PCBs at a local factory, Monsanto Co. routinely discharged toxic waste into a west Anniston creek and dumped millions of pounds of PCBs into oozing open-pit landfills. And thousands of pages of Monsanto documents -- many emblazoned with warnings such as "CONFIDENTIAL: Read and Destroy" -- show that for decades, the corporate giant concealed what it did and what it knew. In 1966, Monsanto managers discovered that fish submerged in that creek turned belly-up within 10 seconds, spurting blood and shedding skin as if dunked into boiling water. They told no one. In 1969, they found fish in another creek with 7,500 times the legal PCB levels. They decided "there is little object in going to expensive extremes in limiting discharges." In 1975, a company study found that PCBs caused tumors in rats. They ordered its conclusion changed from "slightly tumorigenic" to "does not appear to be carcinogenic." the Environmental Protection Agency ordered General Electric Co. to spend $460 million to dredge PCBs it had dumped into the Hudson River in the past, perhaps the Bush administration's boldest environmental action to date. The decision was bitterly opposed by the company, but hailed by national conservation groups and many prominent and prosperous residents of the picturesque Hudson River Valley. Anniston is not much of a model city anymore. The EPA officials who set up an Anniston satellite office to deal with the PCB problem are now alarmed about widespread lead poisoning as well. The Army is building an incinerator here to burn 2,000 tons of deadly sarin and mustard gas. And the Anniston Star has been questioning Monsanto's past mercury releases. Officials at Solutia Inc., the name given to Monsanto's chemical operations after they were spun off into a separate company in 1997, acknowledge that Monsanto made mistakes.

The Conelly’s bond with Roan Inish

The film directed by John Sayles; The Secret of Roan Inish is a captivating story about an Irish family; The Coneelly’s. The family’s bond to the island of Roan Inish and the seals that reside nearby is exceptional and mystifying. Why are the Coneelly’s so drawn to the island? The family’s roots on Roan Inish start far back with Fiona’s great great great grandfather Sean Michael who arrives on the island on a prayer. Another Coneelly; Liam, solidifies the connection to Irish island through his marriage to Nula. Finally the loss of Fiona’s brother Jaime at Roan Inish keeps the island on the mind of the family almost constantly. The Coneelly’s attachment to the Island of Roan Inish is firmly rooted by several factors. One of the most important factors of this revolves around the oldest known member of the family, Sean Michael. Sean Michael was aboard a fishing vessel that capsized; drowning all of the Coneelly fishermen on board except Sean Michael. As the legend tells it; Sean Michael had such a strong soul the sea would not take him. Seals rescued Sean Michael and took him to the island of Roan Inish; where he colonized and single handedly rebuilt the Coneelly family. Another pivotal member of the family is Liam. On the island everyone is family and when it comes time to find a mate the men leave Roan Inish to find their bride. Young Liam indeed left the island to find his bride; on an island not far away he came across a selkie; a half woman, half seal creature. As the legend tells it a man who is able to keep the skin of a seklie will have her affection forever. Liam took that advice seriously and captured the skin; and then rightfully gained her affection. They eventually bore children. Their love of the sea was constant; Nula even suggested they build a cradle for their newborn from wood that once sailed the sea. This cradle was passed down through the Coneelly family for years to come and used as a bassinet for each new Coneelly family member. Eventually Nula comes to realize Liam has been keeping her seal skin; at this point she returns to the sea but the seals always seem to stay close to the island of Roan Inish. Once Nula returns to the sea the Coneelly’s ban the hunting of seals. This is a solid symbolic bond between the Island, Seals and the Family. Finally the last important factor for the family connection to the island is that of young Jaime, Fiona’s brother. After Fiona is told the story about Jaime’s disappearance she becomes obsessed with the idea that Jaime is alive. Fiona makes two trips to Roan Inish before convincing the other family members Jamie exists. On the first trip she is brought to the island by Hugh. Fiona spends a fair amount of time on the island and then spies Jamie in a field. She tries to summon Jamie but he runs away, gets into the family bassinet which he is using as a boat and drifts away. On Fiona’s second trip to the island her boat mysteriously becomes untied from the dock. The boat seems to be lead to the island by way of the Seals. Fiona sees Jamie again and confirms that he is being cared for by the seals. This is another paramount symbol of a strong connection between the Coneelly family and the island. The bond between the Coneelly family and Roan Inish is steadfast and strong. Their ties between the seals and the island run deep. Sean Michael’s colonization of the island starts the great tie between the family, island and seals. Liam’s marriage Nula strengthens the relationship with the seals and symbolizes the connection between the two. The seals overseeing and caring for Jamie after the Coneelly’s left the island proves that the seals and family are one. Theese clues demonstrates that the Coneelly family belongs on the Island of Roan Inish where the seals and family can live together.

Lance Armstrong essays

Lance Armstrong essays Its mid summer, a steamy 80-100 degrees farenheit, 15-35 mile per hour winds blow across the flatlands and mountains of one of the worlds most beautiful countries, France. 189 men, riding $5000 bicycles embark on a journey which will cover the flat lands of the north, and the treacherous mountain passes of the Pyrenean and Alpine mountain ranges of the south, totaling 3282 kilometers with only 2 rest days, each stage averaging 164 kilometers, for 22 days the race will be shaped by crashes, attacks, clash of wills and the struggle to be #1. For many, the race started on July 6 2002. But for one man, the race for his life began in the fall of 1996. A talented young racer, Lance Armstrong, was coming into form after winning the world championships and having his first taste of success in The Tour de France by winning stage 18. By October, the racing season was winding down and Lance was preparing for 5-7 hour days he would spend on the bike during the winter. Little did he know that his body was being destroyed by a ravenous disease which spreads like a wild fire, Cancer. He was diagnosed with testicular cancer and his malignant testical was removed in a few days. Doctors then discovered, that due to the stages in which his cancer was in, it had spread to his lungs and his brain. Within 2 weeks, Lance had gone through brain surgery, testicular surgery, and was given a 50-50 chance of having a full recovery, which doctors later told him was extremely optimistic, realistically Lance had about a %20 chance of fully recovering. He underwent the strongest forms of chemotherapy which broke down all the fitness he had worked fo r, but he remained optimistic and after results were being seen he had dreams of returning to the sport he loved. 5 months after his diagnoses, Lance was back on his bike. Lances dedication was like never before, nearly 15lbs lighter than his pre-cancer form, he began to work on his mountain climbin...

Dreams3 essays

Dreams3 essays My Java class assignment due by midnight tonight and I have not started it yet. Cognitive: Questioned my programming ability Emotional: Worry I would fail out Behavioral: Work slower than normal Chemistry Lab for Wednesday class is still not done. Cognitive: Questioned my reason for being here (Kettering) Emotional: Worry I would fail out Physical: Bite fingernails, and pace room Behavioral: Work slower than normal, and repeatedly stop to eat. Calculus Exam taken in morning without any studying. Cognitive: Questioned my reason for being here (Kettering), and thinking of taking Calc 1 at GRCC Emotional: Worry I would fail out and parents be disappointed Behavioral: Work slower than normal, tap finger on desk, sit and stare Calculus Exam back have to see grade. Cognitive: Might as well start sleeping in. Emotional: MAJOR stress, feeling stupid Cognitive: I too stupid to go here drop and go somewhere else Emotional: Sad and feeling inadequate Behavioral: To be frankly honest: alcohol, sex and loud music. PARTY. Biting finger nails, and doubting my self. All of my stress is dependent on this school and my lack of motivation and will-power to force myself to study and do homework. My main coping method is parties on the weekends to relax. This involves smoking and drinking. I do not smoke a lot nor do I drink to get drunk just enough to almost relax. These ar ...

Critically evaluate the strengths and limitations of using customer Essay

Critically evaluate the strengths and limitations of using customer focused interactions as a basis to standardise and improve business operations - Essay Example Focusing on precision and customer service accelerates the transformation process. British Telecom chose not to rely on such systems to solve its immediate problem. British Telecom saw a dramatic expansion in the number of services offered to its customers. Additional revenues from these services and related ventures have been sufficient to justify further investments of more than five billion dollars in second-generation packet switching, terminal technology, and support systems. (Johnson and Clark, 2001, 115-120) While new business units may become the principal vehicles for growth, the existing core business can also be redefined from within. New capabilities cannot only alter how the original business is conducted, but can alter the nature of the business itself. British Telecoms business focus a decade ago was voice transmission (Fraser, Shobrys & Kruse, 2003, 10-13); today it has a much broader scope of activities and services. Not all companies choose to spawn new businesses (Johnson and Clark, 2001, 115-120). New information processing capabilities can be viewed as central to the success of a traditional business and treated as a proprietary asset to be kept closely guarded in the inner sanctum of the enterprise. Yet even in such cases, those new core competencies will drive redefinition and transformation of the traditional business from within. In this way, successful customer interaction efforts ultimately lead to business transformation. (Slack, 2001, 1100-1121) â€Å"Quality management approaches can be categorized broadly into three stages according to the evolution of management control. Management can implement control before an activity commences, while the activity occurs, or after the activity has been completed.† (Hsieh, Chang & Lu, 2000, 191–201) For example, British Telecom might have chosen to address its directory services crisis with a limited solution that automated operator database access and audio response--the type

Looking Backward by Edward Bellamy Utopia Essay

Looking Backward by Edward Bellamy Utopia - Essay Example Its massive growth accompanied with the explosion of the city and the growing gap between the rich and poor made it seem like the industrial system was heading off the deep end. As a social remedy, muckrakers exposed the social ills that capitalism was creating and in turn became one of its saviors. One of these writers was Edward Bellamy who published Looking Backward, a novel in which Julian West, a man from 1887, awakens to find a utopian socialist society juxtaposed against the harsh world from he came from. This book, depicting the evils of capitalism, also offered solutions that helped mobilize groups to help their common man. The progressive reform movements of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century were the response to the problems in American industrial society criticized by Edward Bellamy in Looking Backward. Capitalism, Bellamy argued, was the root of all problems in American industrial society. He pointed to competition, corruption, and most of all the inequitable distribution of wealth as being responsible for the poor living conditions of most people in the early nineteenth century. In the latter part of the book, West goes back to the Boston of the past to see a world marked by clear distinctions and divisions between the rich and the poor. ... Similarly, the stories of Horatio Alger gave the poor a sense of false hope that they could escape the chains of poverty and become rich and powerful. These parables were not true given the fact that the upper class did almost everything possible to keep them as poor as possible in order to profit personally. John Rockefeller realized that by reducing wages and working conditions, his own pocketbook swelled to a tremendous amount. Child labor and terrible working conditions were of the two most notable results of capitalism and self motivated profit. Likewise, Cornelius Vanderbilt and Andrew Carnegie created monopolies and trusts that squeezed out competition from the market to be able to control and set a high price for the consumer. While Bellamy identified competition as one of the most negative aspects of capitalism, the "robber baron" or "captain of industry" alternative was no better. (Manuel, 215) The distinction was where the profit went to. In the early nineteenth century, the private individual reaped the profit while in the utopian world of the future; the profit was every ones to share. . In return for twenty five years of labor in the Industrial Army each American receives an equal share of the nation's production every year of his or her life. Service to society guarantees full support by society. When West goes to talk to his fiance's family about the problems of society he proclaims, "Do you not know that close to your doors a great multitude of men and women, flesh of your flesh, live lives that are one agony from birth to death" (Bellamy, 210) By throwing him into the street, the family tries to eliminate anything that might threaten their system of

Business to Business Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words - 1

Business to Business Marketing - Essay Example SPSL can take the following steps for organizing its sales force system: †¢ Call and Lead management. SPSL needs to plan for each and every customer interaction and make a record of every successful lead. A sales force system will help the company in complying with the company’s process and will certainly result in successful interactions. †¢ Opportunity management. If the process of sales force system is implemented correctly, than this will result in a profitable opportunity for the company and will result in an opportunity for sales. †¢ Account management. SPSL has to effectively organize all the successful leads and integrate with customer accounts by implementing the sales force system. It could then be measured by relevant tools, process, and objectives of the sales force system. †¢ Territory management— for monitoring the account, the territory is measured by the number of account reps and prospective versus active customers. †¢ Effective time management. SPSL needs to accurately measure the tasks which are related with implementing the sales force system and evaluate the time needed for performing each task. †¢ Sales force management. This crucial process includes training and developing the company’s sales staff regarding the sales force management system. Apart from that the management of SPSL should implement relevant IT systems and control process and spread it across relevant people and departments of the company.

Leadership vs. Management Essay Example for Free

Leadership vs. Management Essay Leadership and management must go hand in hand. They are not the same thing. But they are necessarily linked, and complementary. The manager’s job is to plan, organise and coordinate. The leader’s job is to inspire and motivate. In his 1989 book â€Å"On Becoming a Leader,† Warren Bennis composed a list of the differences: the manager administers the leader innovates the manager is a copy the leader is an original the manager maintains the leader develops the manager focuses on systems and structures the leader focuses on people the manager relies on control the leader inspires trust the manager has a short-range view the leader has a long-range perspective the manager asks how and when the leader asks what and why the manager has his/her eye always on the bottom line the leader’s eye is on the horizon the manager imitates the leader originates the manager accepts the status quo the leader challenges it the manager is the classic good soldier the leader is his/her own person the manager does things right the leader does the right thing Leadership Attributes of a leader: Studies, and develops ideas and principles Innovates Resourceful and looks for solutions to problems Empathetic with a focus on people Inspires trust among stakeholders Understands the big picture Superior listening skills Courageously challenges the state of affairs, and asks why and what can be improved Looks for opportunities to develop strengths Develops a following A leader’s specific roles are determined through the four basic leadership responsibilities of directing, coaching, supporting and delegating. Specific responsibilities will fall into one of these four categories. In leadership practice, one must master skills in all areas in order to effectively lead others under their direction. Developing strengths in each of the four leadership roles allows a leader to read specific situations accurately and know what communication style is best applied. Directing Directing refers to how to keep work tasks and activities on the right track. A leader’s direction is what makes or breaks problem solving as well as determines the effectiveness of an approach to an assignment or task, the maintaining of momentum until its completion, and whether it is done by deadline. There are several ways to generate good direction techniques. These include: Explain things completely and include the ‘why’s’ Leaders learn early on that the best way to gain support and trust from their employees is to explain all things in their entirety. Once people understand why something is important or necessary, they generally rally to the call of that which needs to be done or addressed. Remain visible Leaders understand the power of their presence at all times. Nothing deflates the workforce’s motivation and desire to achieve more than to be left on their own with no visible means of support or direction. Objectively consider opposing points of view Leaders consider situations, problems and solutions from various viewpoints, as the input from as many individuals as possible expands their capabilities to effectively frame their direction. Coaching Coaching refers to when a leader knows where he or she wants to go and remains in control of the task but needs to lead others in developing a mutual support network. Coaching instils the desire to achieve and builds a dialogue bridge between the leader and those under his or her charge. This  motivates employees and positively changes attitudes toward the work assignment. To do this effectively a leader must make an effort to: Incorporate the word ‘we’ into all conversations Effective leaders eliminate the word â€Å"I† because it denotes a singular rather than cooperative effort. The very meaning of the term â€Å"coaching† implies a team effort. Listen for objections and areas of misunderstanding Effective leaders who coach well develop the skill of eliminating objections by developing an effective dialogue and creating clear and concise responses. Offer explanations addressing the ‘why’s, what’s and how’s’ of the problem or task at hand Good coaching depends upon complete understanding. Motivation and confidence comes from understanding the expectations a leader has of those involved in a given task, assignment or problem solving situation. Supporting Managers cannot be effective leaders unless they actively hone their supporting skills. People look warmly on leaders who actively work to support them emotionally as well as physically. When leaders actively work to support the people under their charge they: Acknowledge individual efforts with comments of praise and positive support Leaders are not afraid to say â€Å"thank you,† or â€Å"you’re doing a great job,† or whatever it takes to instil confidence in an individual. Disclose their own feelings openly and honestly Leaders are not afraid to reveal their â€Å"inner self.† Trust and loyalty are built on disclosing inward feelings, concerns and desires. Readily and honestly opening up builds encouragement and perseverance on both sides. Never hesitate to ask, ‘What’s wrong?’ Leaders allow themselves to get into the thick of a situation or task, and are quick to share the decision making responsibility, but know when to relinquish control in order to gain extra participation and involvement. Delegating Leaders know and understand their people. They know their strengths and weaknesses as well as what motivates and frustrates them. Effective delegating relies on the ability to select the proper person for the specific task or role. Leaders develop good delegation skills by: Briefing the delegate Leaders leave nothing to chance when they delegate. When delegating, it is vital to explain exactly what expectations the leader has of the delegated individual. Having confidence in the person they select Leaders do not select individuals for an assignment according to their job descriptions or the salaries they command, they look for people with the skills, abilities, perseverance and motivation to get the job done and done well. Not abdicating responsibility, but allowing individuals to decide a best course of action for themselves Leaders monitor and weigh these individual decisions, but never advance their own leadership position for a particular course of action unless they assess  it to be the best one. Understanding Theories of Leadership Trait Theory of Leadership Trait Theory of Leadership is based on the assumption that people are born with inherited traits and some traits are particularly suited to leadership. People who make effective leaders have the right (or sufficient) combination of traits and great leaders has some common personality characteristics. Traits/skills generally believed to be possessed by leaders can be classified into categories such as: Physical characteristics (e.g. age; height; weight; alertness; energetic); Background characteristics (e.g. education; social status; mobility; experience); Intelligence characteristics (e.g. ability; judgement; knowledge; clever {intelligent}; conceptually skilled; creative; knowledgeable about group task; intellectual breadth); Personality characteristics (e.g. aggressiveness; alertness; dominance; decisiveness; enthusiasm; extroversion; independence; self-confidence; authoritarianism; assertive; tolerant of stress); Task-Oriented characteristics (e.g. achievement needs; responsibility; initiative; persistence; ambitiousness; achievement-orientated; decisive; persistent; willingness to assume responsibility; organised {administrative ability}; Social characteristics (e.g. supervisory ability; cooperativeness; popularity; prestige; tact; diplomacy; adaptability; cooperative; dependable; tactful; persuasive; socially skilled; emotional stability and composure; good interpersonal skills). Look at the Social Characteristics above. Be honest with yourself and write down those characteristics you feel you have and those that you feel you still need to work on. Behavioural theories Behavioural psychology, also known as behaviourism, is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviours are acquired through conditioning. Behavioural theories focus on how leaders behave and assume that leaders can be â€Å"made†, rather than born, and successful leadership is based on definable, learnable behaviour. Theory X and Theory Y Theory X and Theory Y framework proposed by McGregor in his classic book â€Å"The Human Side of Enterprise† (1960) consists of two alternative set of assumptions. Theory X perceives employees to be lazy, irresponsible and untrustworthy, while according to theory Y employees are approached as one of the most valuable assets of the company. Your management style is strongly influenced by your beliefs and assumptions about what motivates members of your team. If you believe that team members dislike work, you will tend towards an authoritarian style of management; on the other hand, if you assume that employees take pride in doing a good job, you will tend to adopt a more participative style. Theory X Theory X assumes that employees are naturally unmotivated and dislike working, and this encourages an authoritarian style of management. According to this view, management must actively intervene to get things  done. This style of management assumes that workers: Dislike working. Avoid responsibility and need to be directed. Have to be controlled, forced, and threatened to deliver whats needed. Need to be supervised at every step, with controls put in place. Need to be enticed to produce results; otherwise they have no ambition or incentive to work. X-Type organisations tend to be top heavy, with managers and supervisors required at every step to control workers. There is little delegation of authority and control remains firmly centralised. McGregor recognised that X-Type workers are in fact usually the minority, and yet in mass organisations, such as large scale production environment, X Theory management may be required and can be unavoidable. Theory Y Theory Y explains a participative style of management that is de-centralised. It assumes that employees are happy to work, are self-motivated and creative, and enjoy working with greater responsibility. It assumes that workers: Take responsibility and are motivated to fulfil the goals they are given. Seek and accept responsibility and do not need much direction. Consider work as a natural part of life and solve work problems imaginatively. This more participative management style tends to be more widely applicable. In Y-Type organisations, people at lower levels of the organisation are involved in decision making and have more responsibility. Contingency theories Fiedler’s contingency model The Fiedler Contingency Model asks you to think about your natural leadership style, and the situations in which it will be most effective. The model says that leaders are either task-focused, or relationship-focused. Once you understand your style, it says that you can match it to situations in which that style is most effective. Fiedler’s model consists of 3 primary elements: Leader-Member Relations – This is the level of trust and confidence that your team has in you. A leader who is more trusted and has more influence with the group is in a more favourable situation than a leader who is not trusted. Task Structure – This refers to the type of task youre doing: clear and structured, or vague and unstructured. Unstructured tasks, or tasks where the team and leader have little knowledge of how to achieve them, are viewed unfavourably. Leaders Position Power – This is the amount of power you have to direct the group, and provide reward or punishment. The more power you have, the more favourable your situation. Fiedler identifies power as being either strong or weak. There are some criticisms of the Fiedler Contingency Model. One of the biggest is lack of flexibility. Fiedler believed that because our natural leadership style is fixed, the most effective way to handle situations is to change the leader. He didnt allow for flexibility in leaders. Hersey-Blanchard Situational Leadership The Hersey-Blanchard situational leadership theory states that instead of using just one style, successful leaders should change their leadership styles based on the maturity of the people theyre leading and the details of the task. Using this theory, leaders should be able to place more or less emphasis on the task, and more or less emphasis on the relationships  with the people theyre leading, depending on whats needed to get the job done successfully. We will look at situational leadership more close later on. Transformational Leadership The leadership style called transformational leadership is often the most effective approach to use. Transformational leaders have integrity, they inspire people with a shared vision of the future, they set clear goals, they motivate people towards these goals, they manage delivery, and they communicate well with their teams. Transformational leaders are inspiring because they expect the best from everyone on their team as well as themselves. This leads to high productivity and engagement from everyone in their team. In many organisations, both transactional and transformational leadership styles are useful. Transactional leaders (or managers) ensure that routine work is done reliably, while transformational leaders look after initiatives that add new value. Its also important to use other leadership styles when necessary – this will depend on the people youre leading and the situation that youre in. Tannenbaum and Schmidt’s continuum The Tannenbaum and Schmidt Continuum is a simple model of leadership theory which shows the relationship between the level of freedom that a manager chooses to give to a team, and the level of authority used by the manager. As the teams freedom is increased, so the managers authority decreases. This is a positive way for both teams and managers to develop. Over time, a manager should aim to take the team from one end to the other, up the scale, at which point you should also aim to have developed one or a  number of potential successors from within your team to take over from you. When examining and applying the Tannenbaum and Schmidt principles, its extremely important to remember: irrespective of the amount of responsibility and freedom delegated by a manager to a team, the manager retains accountability for any catastrophic problems that result. Delegating freedom and decision-making responsibility to a team absolutely does not absolve the manager of accountability. Thats why delegating, whether to teams or individuals, requires a very grown-up manager. If everything goes well, the team must get the credit; if it all goes horribly wrong, the manager must take the blame. This is entirely fair, because the manager is ultimately responsible for judging the seriousness of any given situation including the risks entailed and the level of freedom that can safely be granted to the team to deal with it. This is not actually part of the Tannebaum and Schmidt Continuum, but its vital to apply this philosophy or the model will definitely be weakened, or at worse completely back-fire. Here are the Tannenbaum and Schmidt Continuum levels of delegated freedom, with some added explanation that should make it easier to understand and apply. 1.The Manager decides and announces the decision The manager reviews options in light of aims, issues, priorities, timescale, etc., then decides the action and informs the team of the decision. The manager will probably have considered how the team will react, but the team plays no active part in making the decision. The team may well perceive that the manager has not considered the teams welfare at all. This is seen by the team as a purely task-based decision, which is generally a characteristic of X-Theory management style. 2.The manager decides and then sells the decision to the group The manager makes the decision as in 1 above, and then explains reasons for the decision to the team, particularly the positive benefits that the team will enjoy from the decision. In so doing the manager is seen by the team to recognise the teams importance, and to have some concern for the team. 3.The manager presents the decision with background ideas and invites questions The manager presents the decision along with some of the background which led to the decision. The team is invited to ask questions and discuss with the manager the rationale behind the decision, which enables the team to understand and accept or agree with the decision more easily than in 1 and 2 above. This more participative and involving approach enables the team to appreciate the issues and reasons for the decision, and the implications of all the options. This will have a more motivational approach than 1 or 2 because of the higher level of team involvement and discussion. 4.The manager suggests a provisional decision and invites discussion about it The manager discusses and reviews the provisional decision with the team on the basis that the manager will take on board the views and then finally decide. This enables the team to have some real influence over the shape of the managers final decision. This also acknowledges that the team has something to contribute to the decision-making process, which is more involving and therefore motivating than the previous level. 5.The manager presents the situation or problem, gets suggestions, then decides The manager presents the situation, and maybe some options, to the team. The team is encouraged and expected to offer ideas and additional options, and discuss implications of each possible course of action. The manager then decides which option to take. This level is one of high and specific involvement for the team, and is appropriate particularly when the team has more detailed knowledge or experience of the issues than the manager. Being  high-involvement and high-influence for the team this level provides more motivation and freedom than any previous level. 6.The manager explains the situation, defines the parameters and asks the team to decide At this level the manager has effectively delegated responsibility for the decision to the team, albeit within the managers stated limits. The manager may or may not choose to be a part of the team which decides. While this level appears to gives a huge responsibility to the team, the manager can control the risk and outcomes to an extent, according to the constraints that he stipulates. This level is more motivational than any previous, and requires a mature team for any serious situation or problem. (Remember that the team must get the credit for all the positive outcomes from the decision, while the manager remains accountable for any resulting problems or disasters. This isnt strictly included in the original Tannenbaum and Schmidt definitions, so it needs pointing out because its such an important aspect of delegating and motivating, and leadership.) 7.The manager allows the team to identify the problem, develop the options, and decide on the action, within the managers received limits This is obviously an extreme level of freedom, whereby the team is effectively doing what the manager did in level 1. The team is given responsibility for identifying and analysing the situation or problem; the process for resolving it; developing and assessing options; evaluating implications, and then deciding on and implementing a course of action. The manager also states in advance that he/she will support the decision and help the team implement it. The manager may or may not be part of the team, and if so then he/she has no more authority than anyone else in the team. The only constraints and parameters for the team are the ones that the manager had imposed on him from above. (Again, the manager retains accountability for any resulting disasters, while the team must get the credit for all successes.) This level is potentially the most motivational of all, but also potentially the most disastrous. Not surprisingly the team  must be mature and competent, and capable of acting a t what is a genuinely strategic decision-making level. Leadership Styles Some basic leadership styles: Directive Frequently described as autocratic. Tells people what to do and expects them to jump to it. Participative Seeks input from others and participates in the decision-making process. Laissez-Faire A hands-off approach allowing for both initiative and the latitude to determine process to effect an outcome Adaptive A fluid style that takes into consideration the context of the environment and the individual being led. Using the techniques of Leadership Situational leadership ® Situational Leadership ® is a concept developed by Paul Hersey, an internationally recognised leading authority on training and development in leadership and management and Kenneth Blanchard, an American author and management expert. Generally when referring to the concept it is safer and correct to show the name as a registered protected trademark as it relates  to business and products by Hersey and Blanchard. Looking at ‘Directive Behaviour’ whereby the leader gives clear defined and detailed instructions, and ‘Supportive Behaviour’ where the leader gives people the freedom to make decisions and support them in their efforts, Hersey and Blanchard moved away from the idea of shifting on a line between the two and consider good leadership as a combination of both. The idea is that the way of combination will vary according to the person being dealt with by the leader, and the situation on which that person operates, hence the term – Situational Leadership ®. The notable features of this model are briefly that the model: focuses on followers (individual team members), rather than wider workplace circumstances; emphasise that leaders should change their behaviour according to the type of followers; proposes a progression of leadership adaptation in response to the development of followers. By combining high and low levels of each type of behaviour we progress towards four distinct styles of leadership. Level Group type Developing D1 Low competence / High commitment D2 Some competence / Low commitment D3 High competence / Variable commitment Developed D4 High competence / High commitment Appropriate leadership styles for each development level: Development Level Appropriate Leadership Style D1 Low competence / High commitment S1 Directing (Structure, control and supervise) D2 Some competence / Low commitment S2 Coaching (Direct and support) D3 High competence / Variable commitment S3 Supporting (Praise, listen and facilitate) D4 High competence / High commitment S4 Delegating (turn over responsibility for day-to-day decision making) Directing:The leader provides specific instructions and closely supervises the task. This style is appropriate for people who lack skill but are committed and eager to learn or those who do not want responsibility and want clear, specific instructions. Coaching:The leader gives some direction and supervision because team members, although they have some competence and commitment, are still relatively inexperienced, therefore require further development. They need support and praise to boost their self-esteem. Their involvement in decision making assists with the development process. Supporting:Even though team members do not need much direction, good support by the leader is still necessary to motivate and boost confidence. Delegating:Team members are both competent and committed therefore leader can give them responsibility for decision making and problem solving with little supervision or support. Power in Organisation Leadership Leadership and power are closely linked. Powerful people are normally those that others follow, so they become the leaders. The five bases of power were identified by John French and Bertram Raven in the early 1960’s through a study they had conducted on power in leadership roles. The study showed how different types of power affected one’s leadership ability and success in a leadership role. They identified five bases of power: 1.Legitimate:This comes from the belief that a person has the formal right to make demands, and to expect compliance and obedience from others. 2.Reward:This results from one persons ability to compensate another for compliance. 3.Expert:This is based on a persons superior skill and knowledge. 4.Referent:This is the result of a persons perceived attractiveness, worthiness, and right to respect from others. 5.CoerciveThis comes from the belief that a person can punish others for noncompliance. If youre aware of these sources of power, you can†¦ Better understand why youre influenced by someone, and decide whether you want to accept the base of power being used. Recognise your own sources of power. Build your leadership skills by using and developing your own sources of power, appropriately, and for best effect. Trust The first task of any leader is to inspire trust. Trust is confidence born of two dimensions: character and competence. Character includes your integrity, motive, and intent with people. Competence includes your capabilities, skills, results, and track record. Both dimensions are vital. The foundation of trust is your own credibility, and it can be a real differentiator for any leader. A persons reputation is a direct reflection of their credibility, and it precedes them in any interactions or negotiations they might have. Behaviours you can adopt to build trust in yourself: Talk Straight Demonstrate Respect Create Transparency Right Wrongs Show Loyalty Deliver Results Get Better Confront Reality Clarify Expectation Practice Accountability Listen First Keep Commitments Extend Trust Bibliography The Wall Street Journal Article: What is the difference between Management and Leadership (last accessed 4 August 2013) (http://guides.wsj.com/management/developing-a-leadership-style/what-is-the-difference-between-management-and-leadership/) The Biz Coach Article: 10 Key Differences between Leaders and Managers (last accessed 4 August 2013) (http://www.bizcoachinfo.com/archives/8426) Techno Funcâ„ ¢ Article: Trait Theory of Leadership (last accessed 4 August 2013) (http://www.technofunc.com/index.php/leadership-skills/leadership-theories/item/trait-theory-of-leadership-2) Article: Behavioural Theories of Leadership (last accessed 7 August 2013) (http://www.technofunc.com/index.php/leadership-skills/leadership-theories/item/behavioral-theories-of-leadership) About.com – Psychology Article: Psychology Theories (last accessed 7 August 2013) (http://psychology.about.com/od/psychology101/u/psychology-theories.htm) Research Methodology Article: Theory X and Theory Y (last accessed 7 August 2013) (http://research-methodology.net/theory-x-and-theory-y/) Mind Tools Article: Theory X and Theory Y (last accessed 7 August 2013) (http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_74.htm) Article: Fiedler’s Contingency Model (last accessed 11 August 2013) (http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/fiedler.htm) Article: The Hersey-Blanchard Situational Leadership ® Theory (last accessed 11 August 2013) (http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_44.htm) Article: French and Raven’s Five Forms of Power (last accessed 11 August 2013 (http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_56.htm) Slideshare Article: Fiedler’s contingency model to leadership (by Bhobotosh Debnath) (last accessed 11 August 2013) (http://www.slideshare.net/bhobotoshdebnath/assignment-on-2) Businessballs.com Article: Tannenbaum and Schmidt Continuum (last accessed 11 August 2013) (http://www.businessballs.com/tannenbaum.htm) The Build Network Article: Leadership styles to master (last accessed 11 August 2013) (http://thebuildnetwork.com/leadership/4-leadership-styles/) The Fast Track Article: The 5 Types of Power in Leadership (last accessed 11 August 2013) (http://quickbase.intuit.com/blog/2011/08/26/the-5-types-of-power-in-leadership/) Leadership Now Article: How the best leaders build trust (last accessed 11 August 2013) (http://www.leadershipnow.com/CoveyOnTrust.html)